刘亚平专业英语publicadministrationtheoryandsepara

publicadministrationtheoryandseparationofpowers,ByDavidRosenbloom,publicadministrationtheoryandseparationofpowers,IntroductionThemanagerialapproachtoPAThepoliticalapproachtoPAThelegalapproachtoPATheseparationofpowersFuturesuggestions,Introduction,Thecentralproblemofcontemporarypatheoryisthatitisderivedfrom3disparateapproachestothebasicquestionofwhatpais.Itisunlikelythatthe3approachescanbesynthesizedwithoutviolatingvaluesdeeplyingrainedintheUSpoliticalculture.,ThemanagerialapproachtoPA,OriginandvaluesOrganizationalstructureViewoftheindividual,Originandvalues,Civilservicereformmovementofthelate19thcenturyWhatcivilservicereformdemandedwasthatthebusinesspartofthegovernmentshallbecarriedoninasoundbusinesslikemanner.3corevalues:effectiveness,efficiencyandeconomyThegoodnessorbadnessofaparticularorganizationalpatternwasamathematicalrelationshipofinputstooutputswherethelatterwasmaximizedandtheformalminimized,amoralgoodresulted.,Organizationalstructure,ThemanagerialapproachtopapromotesorganizationessentiallyalongthelinesofMaxWebersideal-typebureaucracy.Itstressestheimportantoffunctionalspecializationforefficiency.,Viewoftheindividual,AnimpersonalviewofindividualsEmployee:theindividualcharacteristicsofanemployeeoccupyingapositionshouldhavenobearingontheclassificationoftheposition.Clients:attheintakelevelofthebureaucracy,individualpersonalitiesareconvertedintocases.Onlyifapersoncanqualifyasacase,isheorsheallowedtreatmentbythebureaucracy.,ThepoliticalapproachtoPA,OriginsandvaluesOrganizationalstructureViewofindividual,Originsandvalues,Origins:Paisultimatelyaprobleminpoliticaltheory:thefundamentalprobleminademocracyisresponsibilitytopopularcontrol;theresponsibilityandresponsivenessoftheadministrativeagenciesandthebureaucraciestotheelectedofficialsisofcentralimportanceinagovernmentbasedincreasinglyontheexerciseofdiscretionarypowerbytheagenciesofadministration.Thepoliticalapproachdevelopedfromananalysisofanapproachempiricalreality.,Originsandvalues(cont),Values:thedoctrineoftheseparationofpowerwasadoptedbytheconnectionof1787,nottopromoteefficiencybuttoprecludetheexerciseofarbitrarypower.Thepurposewas,nottoavoidfriction,but,bymeansoftheinevitablefrictionincidenttothedistributionofgovernmentalpowersamong3departments,tosavethepeoplefromautocracy.,Originsandvalues(cont),Representativeness,politicalresponsiveness,andaccountabilitythroughelectedofficialstothecitizenry.thevaluessoughtbythepoliticalapproachtopaarefrequentlyintensionwiththoseofthemanagerialapproach.example,Organizationalstructure,Thepoliticalapproachstressestheextentandadvantagesofpoliticalpluralismwithinpa.Executivebranchstructureisinfactamicrocosmofoursociety.Inevitablyitreflectsthevalues,conflicts,andcompetingforcestobefoundinapluralisticsociety.Theidealofanearlysymmetrical,frictionlessorganizationstructureisadangerousillusion.,Organizationalstructure(cont),Sincetheadministrativebranchisapolicy-makingcenterofgovernment,itmustbestructuredtoenablefactiontocounteractfactionbyprovidingpoliticalrepresentationtoacomprehensivevarietyoftheorganizedpolitical,economic,andsocialintereststhatarefoundinthesocietyatlarge.,Viewofindividual,Viewtheindividualaspartofanaggregategroup.Identifiestheindividualsinterestsasbeingsimilaroridenticaltothoseofothersconsideredtobewithinthesamegrouporcategory.Inthisviewoftheindividual,personalityexists,butitisconceptualizedincollectiveterms.,ThelegalapproachtoPA,OriginsandvaluesOrganizationalstructureViewoftheindividual,Originsandvalues,Origins1.administrativelaw2.judicializationofpa3.constitutionallaw,1.administrativelaw,Ittellspublicadministratorwhatthelegislatureexpectshimtoaccomplish,fixeslimitstohisauthority,andsetsforththesubstantiveandproceduralrightsoftheindividualandgroup,2.judicializationofpa,Bringsnotonlylawbutlegalproceduresaswelltobearuponadministrativedecisionmaking.,3.constitutionallaw,Therewasavastexpansionintherequirementthatpublicadministratorsaffordconstitutionalproceduraldueprocesstotheindividualsuponwhomtheyspecificallyacted.Forcepublicadministratorsscrupulouslytoavoidviolatingindividualsconstitutionalrightsbyreducingpublicofficialsonceabsoluteimmunityfromcivilsuitsfordamagestoaqualifiedimmunity.Publicadministratorsarenowliablefordamagesiftheykneworreasonablyshouldhaveknownthatanactiontakenabridgedsomeonesconstitutionalrights.,value,Proceduraldueprocess:requiringproceduresdesignedtoprotectindividualsfrommalicious,arbitrary,capricious,orunconstitutionalharmatthehandsofthegovernment.IndividualsubstantiverightsasembodiedinevolvinginterpretationsoftheBillofRightsandtheFourteenthAmendment.Thejudiciaryvaluesequity,whichstandsforthevalueoffairnessintheresultofconflictsbetweenprivatepartiesandthegovernmentintermsofpa.,Value(cont),downgradingofthecost/benefitreasoningassociatedwiththemanagerialapproach.Thejudiciaryisnotoblivioustothecostsofitsdecisions,butitscentralfocustendstobeonthenatureoftheindividualsrights,ratherthanonthecostofthesocietyofsecuringthoserights.Inadequateresourcescanneverbeanadequatejustificationforthestatesdeprivinganypersonofhisconstitutionalrights.,Organizationalstructure,Thepreferredstructureofthelegalapproachtopaisonethatwillmaximizetheuseofadversaryprocedure.Theprecisestructurevariesfromcontexttocontext,butthecommonelementrunningthroughitistheindependenceandimpartialityofthehearingexaminer.Toalarger-extent,thisindependenceunderminesthemanagerialapproachsrelianceonhierarchy.Itisintendedtoaffordmaximumprotectionoftherightsofprivatepartiesagainstillegal,unconstitutional,orinvidiousadministrativeaction.,Viewoftheindividual,Thelegalapproachsemphasisonproceduraldueprocess,substantiverights,andequityleadsittoconsidertheindividualasauniquepersoninauniquesetofcircumstances.Theadversaryprocedureisdesignedtoenableanindividualtoexplainhisorheruniqueandparticularcircumstances,thinking,motivations,andsoforthtothegovernmentaldecisionmaking.,Theseparationofpowers,Thefounderspurposeincreatingtheconstitutionalbrancheswasnotsimplytofacilitateefficiency,coordination,andasmoothfunctioningofgovernmentgenerally.Thepurposewasalsotocreateasystemthatwouldgiveeachbranchamotiveandameansforpreventingabusesormisguidedactionbyanother.Thiswouldpreventtheaccumulationofallpowers,legislativeexecutiveandjudiciaryinthesamehands.,Theseparationofpowers(cont),Buttheseparationofpowerswouldalsocreateatendencytowardinaction.Notonlywouldeachbranchchecktheothers,butasystemofchecksandbalanceswouldalsoserveasacheckonpopularpoliticalpassions.Thiscanenableapoliticalminoritytoprotectitselffromamajoritypassion.Overall,thegovernmentwasdesignedtoberesponsibleslowlytorelativelylongtermpublicdemandsandtorequirethedevelopmentofrelativelybroadagreementamongtheelectoratepriortotakingaction.,Theseparationofpowers(cont),Thismodelofgovernmentisweightedinfavorofinertiaandinflexibility.Inanswertothisproblem,theUSdevelopedalargeadministrativeapparatustofacilitatespecialized,positive,andflexiblegovernmentalaction.Thisphenomenoniscommonlyreferredtoastheriseoftheadministrativestate.Itrepresentsanefforttoreducetheinertialqualitiesofthesystemofseparationofpowers.Inessence,all3governmentfunctionshavecollapsedintotheadministrativebranch.Thus,publicadministratorsmakerules,implementtheserules,andadjudicatequestionsconcerningtheirapplicationandexecution.,Theseparationofpowers(cont),Inaveryrealfashion,asystemofchecksandbalanceshasdevelopedt