Ireland爱尔兰.ppt

TheRepublicofIreland,GeographicalFeatures,70,200squarekilometersLowcentralplainssurroundedbyaringofcoastalmountains.Thelongestriver:theShannon(360km)Thelargestlough:Corrib(176km2)Thehighestpeak:Carrantuohill(1,041m),flowssouthwardfromtheShannonPottotheAtlanticOceananimportantwaterwaydivisionofthewestofIrelandandtheeastandsouth,TheShannon香农河,Corrib科里布湖,176squarekilometersthelargestlakeinthecountry,BoundedonthewestbytheAtlanticOceanandonthenorthbytheRiverShannon,Carrantuohill卡朗图厄尔山,CliffsofMoher,oneofthemostpopulartouristdestinationsinIreland,MaritimetemperateclimateWhatarethecharacteristicsofmaritimeclimate?,Climate,narrowannualrangeoftemperaturesdonothavetheextremelydrysummersofMediterraneanclimates,Climate,ThetemperatureishighlyuniformColdest:JanuaryandFebruary4-7Hottest:JulyandAugust14-16,DublinCorkGalwayLimerickWaterford,Majorcities,Dublin,CapitalcityThelargestcityCommercialandindustrialcentrePrincipalport,Cork科克,Thesecondlargestcity“theRebelCounty”,Limerick利默里克,ThethirdlargestcityintheRepublicofIrelandThemaineconomicregionoutsideofDublinandCork,Galway戈尔韦,fourthlargestcityIrelandsCulturalHearttheGalwayArtsFestivalVibrantlifestyleandnumerousfestivals,celebrationsandevents,foundedin914ADbytheVikingsIrelandsoldestcity,Waterford沃特福德,History,Scanthetextandfindoutwhathappenedinthefollowingyears:6000BC-hunter-getherersfromBritainInthe6thcenturyBC-CeltictribesInthe4thcenturyBC-GaelsAD432-St.PatrickInthe8thcentury-theVikingsInthe12thcentury-Englishinvolvement1801-theActofUnion,EarlyHistory,St.PatrickKnownastheApostleofIreland”,heistheprimarypatronsaintoftheisland;Hisarrivalin432transformedtheislandintoacenteroflearningandChristianculture.SaintPatricksDay:March17,thedateofhisdeath,EarlyHistory,EarlyHistory,St.PatricksDay,SaintPatricksDayortheFeastofSaintPatrickisaculturalandreligiousholidaycelebratedon17March.,Celebrationsgenerallyinvolvepublicparadesandfestivals,andthewearingofgreenattireorshamrocks.,TheActofUnion联合法案(1801)mergedIrelandandGreatBritaintocreatetheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIrelandIrelandbecameanintegralpartoftheUnitedKingdom.,EarlyHistory,FamineMemorialPresentedtotheCityofDublinin1997CommemoratingtheGreatFamineofthemid-19thcenturyFrom1845to1849,IrelandsufferedtheGreatFamine.Itwasaperiodofmassstarvation,diseaseandemigration.,英语国家概况,PleaseworkoutamemorabiliaforSinnFin.,ProcesstowardsIndependence,Memorabiliafoundedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturybecamethecountrysdominantpoliticalpartyin1910SupportedtheEasterRebellionin1916won73of105seatsallottedtoIrelandintheBritishParliamentin1918setupanIrishparliamentin1919,issuedaUnilateralDeclarationofIndependenceandproclaimedanindependentIrishrepublicsignedAnglo-IrishTreaty英爱条约in1921,Anglo-IrishTreaty英爱条约26southerncountiesofIrelandbecametheIrishFreeState(爱尔兰自由邦),asadominionwithintheBritishCommonwealthofNations.TheremainingsixnortherncountiesremainedpartoftheUnitedKingdom.ThedivergenceonthetreatyresultedinIrishCivilWar.,IrishcivilWar28June192224May1923Location:IrishFreeStateTheconflictwaswagedbetweentwoopposinggroupsofIrishnationalistsovertheAnglo-IrishTreaty.Result:Pro-TreatyvictoryConfirmationofIrishFreeStateDefeatofAnti-TreatyforcesMorepeoplelosttheirlivesinitthanintheIrishWarofIndependence.,Foundedin1932byEamondeValera.,In1937,anewconstitutionwasapproved,underwhich,theFreeStateswasrenamed“ire”.,英语国家概况,duringthewar,remainingneutral,duetoitsanti-Britishsentimentandlackofmilitarypreparationforinvolvementinawarinthepost-warperiod,economicstrainin1948,EamondeValerawasdefeatedbyJohnA.CostelloasPrimeMinister,18,Apr.1949,iredeclareditselfarepublic，BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheIrishRepublicbutrefusedtoreturnthesixnorthercounties.1958-1963,EconomicExpansion.1,Jan.1973,joinedtheEEC.1985,theAnglo-IrishAgreement英爱协议,MargaretThatcher,aconsultativeroleintheadministrationofNorthernIreland,RepublicofIreland,MaryRobinsonThefirstfemalePresidentofIreland(1990-1997).,Irelandsince1990,英语国家概况,in1993,theDowningStreetDeclaration-toenforceaceasefireinNorthernIrelandin1994,IRAannouncedaceasefirein1996,IRAresumeditsterroristactivitiesbecauseoftheBritainsdemandforcompletedisarmamentin1997,IRAannouncedsecondceasefirebecausetheBritishgovernmentrevokeditsdemand,GoodFridayAgreement/BelfastAgreementbetweentheIrishandBritishgovernmentsonApril10,1998amajorpoliticaldevelopmentintheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocessofthe1990sThepresentconstitutionalstatusofNorthernIrelandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom,andNorthernIrelandsdevolvedsystemofgovernmentarebasedontheAgreement.,IrishRepublicanArmycreatedin1919asasuccessortotheIrishVolunteers,amilitantnationalistorganizationfoundedin1913TheIRAspurpose:tousearmedforcetorenderBritishruleinIrelandineffectiveDuringtheIrishWarofIndependence(191921)theIRA,employedguerrillatactics(游击战术)toforcetheBritishgovernmenttonegotiate.InJuly2005,itformallydeclaredanendtoitsarmedcampaign.,Government,Irelandisaconstitutionalrepublicwithaparliamentarysystemofgovernment(议会共和制).,英语国家概况,TheLegislatureTheOireachtas(爱尔兰议会)isthebicameral(两院制)nationalparliamentcomposedofthePresidentofIrelandandthetwoHousesoftheOireachtas:theSenate(参议院)andtheHouseofRepresentatives(众议院).,英语国家概况,TheExecutivetheheadofstate-thePresidenttheheadofgovernment-thePrimeMinistertheCabinet,ThePresidentservesasheadofstate,andiselectedforaseven-yeartermandmaybere-electedonce.MichaelD.HigginsbecametheninthPresidentofIrelandon11November2011.,英语国家概况,TheJudiciarytheSupremeCourttheHighCourt/theCentralCriminalCourttheCourtofCriminalAppealcircuitcourtsdistrictcourts,theFourcourtsTheFourCourtsinDublinisIrelandsmaincourtsbuilding.thelocationoftheSupremeCourt,theHighCourtandtheDublinCircuitCourtUntil2010thebuildingalsohousedtheCentralCriminalCourt.,英语国家概况,PoliticalPartiesFineGaeltheLaborPartyFiannaFail,People,traditionallargescale,ContinentalEurope,GreatBritain,NorthAmerica,NewZealand,Australia,Aplaceofemigration,Languages,Officiallanguages:Gaelic