第三章 飞行监控PPT课件

.,第三章飞行监控,ChapterIIIFlightMonitoring,.,第三章飞行监控ChapterIIIFlightcontrol,1飞行监控概述Overviewoftheflightcontrol2飞行监控的通信手段与程序Flightcontrolsproceduresandmeansofcommunication3飞行监控示例Flightcontrolexamples,.,1飞行监控概述Overviewoftheflightcontrol,根据CCAR-121部E、F分部要求，航空公司按照运行总手册中的政策、程序和标准，规定了对每次飞行所实施的签派放行及飞行监控的程序。AccordingtoCCAR-121E,FDivisionrequirements,airlinesinaccordancewiththerunningtotalmanualinthepolicies,proceduresandstandards,providesfortheimplementationofeachflightproceduresfordispatchreleaseandflightcontrols,.,1规章要求Regulatoryrequirements,1.1国内、国际定期载客运行飞行监控的要求DomesticandInternationalscheduledpassengerflightmonitoringrequirements,.,1规章要求Regulatoryrequirements,在CCAR121中的E分部中第121.97条“通信设施”规定如下：合格证持有人应当证明，在正常运行条件下，在整个航路上，所有各点都具有陆空双向无线电通信系统，能保证每一架飞机与相应的签派室之间，每一架飞机与相应的空中交通管制单位之间，以直接的或者通过经批准的点到点间的线路进行迅速可靠的通信联系。TheEsegmentinCCAR121thefirst121.97,communicationfacilityasfollows:Thecertificateholdershoulddemonstratethat,undernormaloperatingconditions,theentireroute,allthepointshavetwo-wayair-groundradiocommunicationsystemtoensureeachaircraftdispatchroomwiththecorrespondingbetweeneachaircraftandthecorrespondingbetweentheairtrafficcontrolunittodirectorpointtopointthroughtheapprovedroutebetweentherapidandreliablecommunicationlinks,.,1规章要求Regulatoryrequirements,除经局方根据所用机型和运行情况作出特殊批准外，对于合格证持有人的所有运行，每架飞机与签派室之间的通信系统应当是空中交通管制通信系统之外的独立系统。InadditiontousedbytheCouncilundertheoperationofaircraftandtomakespecialapproval,thecertificateholderforalltherunning,eachaircraftanddispatchcommunicationsystembetweenroomsshouldbeairtrafficcontrolcommunicationsystemseparatefromthesystem.,.,飞行监控的要求Therequirementsoftheflightcontrol,飞行签派员必须充分利用各种通讯手段或其他适用方法对每架运行中的飞机实施监控，了解飞机的运行动态；Flightdispatchersmustmakefulluseofvariousmeansofcommunicationorotherapplicablemethodsforeachaircraftmonitoringtheimplementationoftheoperationoftheaircraft,tounderstandthedynamicoperationoftheaircraft;,.,飞行监控的要求Therequirementsoftheflightcontrol,在飞行期间机长应通过公司电台等尽量与飞行签派员保持联系以互通信息，如公司位置报告点的联系等Duringtheflightthecaptainshouldbepossiblethroughthecompanysradiostationstomaintaincontactwithflightdispatcherstoshareinformationsuchascompanylocationreportspointlinks,.,飞行监控的要求Therequirementsoftheflightcontrol,在飞行关键阶段包括滑行、起飞和着陆的所有地面操作，以及除巡航飞行以外的在3000米（10000英尺以下进行的所有其他飞行操作）机长与飞行签派员的这种联系应尽量减少或避免，除非这种联系是飞行安全所必需的Criticalphaseofflight,includingtaxiing,takeoffandlandingofallgroundoperations,aswellasoutsideexceptcruiseflightat3000meters(10,000feetbelowtheflightoperationsofalltheother)thecaptainandtheflightdispatcherlinkshouldbeminimizedavoided,unlesssuchcontactisnecessaryforflightsafety,.,1.2补充运行的飞行跟踪要求Supplementaryrequirementstoruntheflighttracking,飞行跟踪中心应当设在适用于对下列情况实施飞行跟踪的位置：FlightTrackingCenterwouldbeinthepositionthatimplementationofthefollowingconditionsapplytoflight:,.,确保对每次飞行的始发机场和目的地机场的飞行进程进行适当的监控，包括对中途停留机场和改航备降机场飞行进程的监控，以及对在这些机场所需的维修或者机械延误进行适当的监控。确保机长能够得到安全飞行必需的所有资料。Ensurethateachflightdepartureairportanddestinationairport,theflightprocess,appropriatemonitoring,includingstopoversandchangeitsrouteofalternateairport,airportflightprocesscontrol,andmaintenanceoftheseairportsormechanicaldelaysrequiredforappropriatemonitoring.Ensurethatthecaptaincangetalltheinformationnecessaryforsafeflight.,.,实施补充运行的合格证持有人可以使用非所属人员提供的飞行跟踪设施，但在这种情况下，合格证持有人应当对每次飞行的运行控制持续负责。飞行跟踪系统不要求与空中飞行的机组建立通信联系。在合格证持有人的运行规范中应当明确批准使用的飞行跟踪系统和飞行跟踪中心的所在位置。Implementingadditionaloperatingcertificateholdercanusethenon-affiliatedpersonnelflighttrackingfacilities,butinthiscase,thecertificateholdershouldbeoneachflightcontrolcontinuedtoberesponsiblefortheoperation.Flighttrackingsystemdoesnotrequiretheflightcrewtoestablishcommunicationlinks.Inthecertificateholderoperationsspecificationsapprovedforuseinflightshouldbecleartheflighttrackingsystemandthelocationofthetrackingcenter.,.,飞行跟踪系统要求Flighttrackingsystemrequirements,实施补充运行的每个合格证持有人应当证明系统具备足够的设备和合格人员，为下列人员提供每一次飞行的起始和安全运行所必需的信息：每架飞机的飞行机组；合格证持有人指定实施运行控制的人员。Implementationofadditionalrunineachofthecertificateholdershoulddemonstratethatthesystemhassufficientequipmentandqualifiedpersonnel,provideforthefollowingstartofeachflightandsafeoperationofthenecessaryinformation:theflightcrewforeachaircraft;certificateholderspecifiestheimplementationoftheoperationalcontrolofpersonnel,.,对航空公司实施补充运行飞行跟踪的要求主要特点为：并非要求飞行签派员实施全程跟踪；飞行跟踪设施可以是不独立的。不过，实际运行时，航空公司可以实施较高的标准。Themainfeaturesofairlineflighttrackingimplementationofadditionalrequirementstorunare:notaskingflightdispatchersfortheimplementationoftracking;flighttrackingfacilitycannotbeindependent.However,theactualrun-time,airlinescanimplementhigherstandards.,.,飞行监控的职责Flightcontrolduties,2.1飞行签派员职责Thedutiesoftheflightdispatcher飞行签派员在飞机运行过程中必须为机长提供保障飞行安全的更多信息或资料，在飞行监控过程中必须负责飞行监控的飞行签派员应与机长保持通信联络。Flightdispatchersandaircraftoperationmustprovideprotectionforthepilotincommandformoreinformationorflightsafetyinformation,in-flightmonitoringprocesstheflightdispatchersmustberesponsibleformonitoringtheflightandshouldbetomaintaincommunicationswithcaptain.,.,及时准确向机长报告任何可能影响飞行安全的补充信息；Timelyandaccuratereportstothecaptainthatmayaffectflightsafetyofanyadditionalinformation;在非正常情况下，当机长不能执行原定飞行计划时，提供必要协助；Inabnormalcircumstances,whenthecaptaincannotperformtheoriginalflightplan,toprovidethenecessaryassistance;,飞行签派员职责Thedutiesoftheflightdispatcher,.,飞行签派员职责Thedutiesoftheflightdispatcher,掌握起飞机场、航路、目的地机场和备降机场的天气变化情况、航行通告以及相关机场的设施和各导航设备的状况，并及时将最新的信息通报给机长Masterthedepartureairport,route,destinationairportandalternateairportweatherconditions,navigationnoticesandrelatedairportfacilitiesandthestatusofnavigationequipment,andpromptlycommunicatedtothecommanderofthelatestinformation,.,监控飞机燃油计划执行情况及剩余油量；Monitoringtheimplementationofplansofjetfuelandresidualfuel;紧急情况、机械或其他操作故障时，帮助机长取得最低延误，并通知相关部门；Emergency,mechanicalorotheroperationalfailure,tohelpthecaptaintoobtaintheminimumdelay,andnotifytherelevantdepartments;,飞行签派员职责Thedutiesoftheflightdispatcher,.,飞行签派员职责Thedutiesoftheflightdispatcher,签派员及时记录与飞行机组的通信内容Dispatcherstimelyrecordthecontentofcommunicationswiththeflightcrew保证航班安全、合法和高效率的完成Toensureflightsafety,legalandefficientcompletion,.,2.2机长的职责Thedutiesofcommander,机长向执行飞行监视任务的签派员报告飞机的运行状态、飞行任务的进展情况和所有与飞行安全有关的重要信息：Captainmissiontomonitortheimplementationofflightdispatchersreporttheoperationalstatusoftheaircraft,missionprogressandallimportantinformationrelatedtoflightsafety:,.,2.2机长的职责Thedutiesofcommander,起飞和降落后的报告Aftertake-offandlandingreports当剩余油量低于运行飞行计划中所规定的最低油量时；Whentheremainingfuelintheflightplanisrunningbelowtheminimumamountofoil;当机长认为有必要改变运行飞行计划中所规定的航路时；Whenthecaptainfeelsitnecessarytochangetheflightplanrunningrouteswhenrequired;,.,2.2机长的职责Thedutiesofcommander,发生事故或事件后Accidentorincident准备执行紧急定位器发讯(ELT)程序时；Preparedtoimplementemergencylocatorsignaling(ELT)program;发生非法干扰和旅客闹事事件时；Occurrenceofunlawfulinterferenceandpassengertroubleevents;,.,2.2机长的职责Thedutiesofcommander,准备紧急着陆或水上迫降时；Prepareanemergencylandingorditching;准备使用机载紧急逃生设备时；Readytouseon-boardemergencyescapeequipment;任何其他与飞行有关的非正常情况Anyothernon-normalflight-related,.,3飞行监控内容Thecontentsoftheflightcontrol,位置报告内容：Locationreport:飞机飞越公司位置报告点时，机长应向飞行签派员报告下列内容：Aircraftflyingoverthecompanypositionreportingpoint,flightdispatcherscaptainshouldreportthefollowingcontent:-飞机/航空器呼号；-Aircraft/aircraftcallsign;-位置报告点的名称及通过该点的时间；飞行高度；Thenameandpositionreportingpointoftimebythatpoint;altitude;,.,3飞行监控内容Thecontentsoftheflightcontrol,-预计到达下个报告点的时间或预达时刻；-expectedarrivaltimeofthenextreportingpoint,orpre-uptime;-高空风和温度；upperwindandtemperature;-颠簸信息；-turbulenceinformation-剩余燃油residualfueloil-其他必要的事项-othernecessarymatters,.,3.2不能截获公司位置报告点时应采取的行动Thecompanypositionpointscannotbeinterceptedactionstobetaken如果在预计收到位置报告那一时刻后的30分钟内没有获得位置报告，负有飞行监控职责的飞行签派员首先应与预计飞机所在管制区域的空中交通管制部门联络求证飞机位置。Ifyoureceiveapositionreportisexpected30minutesafterthemomentthereisnopositionreportsreceived,whichbearsflightdispatchersmonitortheflightdutiesshouldbethefirstaircraftisexpectedtocontroltheregionwhereairtrafficcontroldepartmentstoverifytheaircraftposition.,.,根据求证的结果，如飞行签派员判断飞机可能发生不安全状况，则应及时向公司有关领导报告并采取相应应急措施。Accordingtoverifytheresults,suchasaircraftflightdispatcherstodetermineunsafeconditionsoccur,theleadershipshouldbepromptlyreportedtothecompanyandtakeemergencymeasures.,.,3.3燃油监控FuelMonitoring,飞行签派人员应根据公司燃油政策的油量规定以及性能部门提供的起飞油量、航段油量和飞行时间对燃油进行监控。并在条件、设备可能达到的情况下对下述燃油进行监控。Flightdispatchersshouldbebasedonoilcompanyfuelpolicy,theprovisionsofthetake-offandperformancesectoroil,fuelandflighttimeonthelegoffueltobemonitored.Andintheconditions,thedevicemayreachthefollowingcases,thefueltobemonitored,.,燃油监控FuelMonitoring,剩余燃油：Residualfueloil:到达剩余燃油要求飞行机组和飞行签派员对到达着陆机场后的机上剩余燃油保持监控。Reachtheremainingfuelrequirementsandflightdispatchersandflightcrewlandedattheairportonthearrivalofthemachinetokeepmonitoringtheremainingfuel.,.,燃油监控FuelMonitoring,当实际情况偏离预先飞行计划时，飞行机组和飞行签派员应重新计算到达剩余燃油，并证实到达计划着陆机场时，机上备份燃油和至最远备降机场用油未被使用。Whentheactualdeviationfromthepre-flightplan,flightcrewandflightdispatchersshouldbere-calculatedtoreachtheremainingfuel,andconfirmedplanstoreachthelandingattheairport,flightbacktothefarthestalternateairportfuelandoilisnotused.,.,备份油量Backupfuel,飞机在着陆时应当保留备份油量未被使用。机长应斟酌使用备份油量并保证航班飞行能安全完成任务。Shouldberetainedinlandingtheaircraftbackupfuelisnotused.Thecaptainshouldbeappropriatetouseabackupfuelandtoensureasafeflighttocompletethetask.,.,备份油量Backupfuel,只有当采取所有的其他行动措施后，方可使用备份油量。Onlywhenalltheotheractionstakenmeasures,mayuseabackupfuel.备份油量的目的是如果遭遇意外的延误或其他情况时，可利用这些油量继续飞行。Thepurposeofthebackupfuelisthatifthedelayinanaccidentorothercircumstances,youcanuseoiltocontinueflying.,.,决断油量：Oildetermination:决断油量是当机长和飞行签派员在准备作出时继续飞往目的地机场，还是直接飞往备降机场或其它机场的运行决断时，飞机预计到达目的地机场时的剩余油量。Oildeterminationiswhenthecaptainandflightdispatchersdecidetocontinuetoflyinthepreparationofthedestinationairport,orflydirecttoanalternateairportorotherairportoperatingdecisions,theaircraftexpectedtoarriveatthedestinationairport,theremainingfuel.,.,最低决断油量等于在预计着陆机场处按要求在FL250高度层上继续飞行45分钟的备份燃油加上从目的地机场飞往备降机场时所需要的备降燃油。MinimumoilisequaltotheresolutionattheairportinanticipationoflandingahighlevelrequiredtocontinueatFL250theflightplus45minutesofbackupfueltoflyfromtheairportofdestinationalternateairportneedalternatefuel.,.,最低燃油量Minimumfuel,最低油量是指在飞行过程中应当报告空中交通管制员采取应急措施的一个特定燃油油量最低值。Minimumfuelisthethatshouldbereportedtocontrollersintheflightairtraffictotakeemergencymeasuresofaspecificminimumvalueoffueloil.,.,最低燃油量Minimumfuel,该油量是在考虑到规定的燃油油量指示系统误差后，最多可以供飞机在飞抵着陆机场后，能以等待空速在高于机场标高450米（1500英尺）的高度上飞行30分钟。Theprovidedfueltakeintoaccountthefueloilsystemerrorindication,theaircraftflewforuptolandingattheairport,abletowaitbythatairspeedabovetheairportelevationof450meters(1500feet)altitudeflight30minutes.,.,3.4气象监控WeatherMonitoring签派员应对所负责的飞行区域内以下气象变化进行监控，并及时将重要变化通报给机组：航路的风向和风速(机组报告)及修正；目的地机场、备降机场和航路的天气变化情况及发展趋势；危险天气警告，包括航路上、机场区域颠簸、风切变、雷暴、结冰和雪情通告等。Dispatchershouldmonitorthefollowingweatherchangeofhisareaandreportimportantonetocrewmember:winddirection,windspeed(reportedbyflightcrew)andwindrevisiononroute;weatherchangeandtrendatdestination,alternateairportandonroute;hazardousweatherwarningincludingturbulence,windshear,thunder,icingandsnowtamonrouteandatairport.,.,2飞行监控的通信手段与程序CommunicationandProcedureofFlightMonitoring,1飞行监控的主要通信手段Maincommunicatingwayofflightmonitoring2飞行监控程序Flightmonitoringprocedure,.,1飞行监控的主要通信手段MainCommunicatingWayofFlightMonitoring,数据链通讯:ACARS（航空器通信寻址和报告系统）Datalinkcommunication:ACARS语音通讯:VHF无线电通信、HF无线电通信、卫星通信系统、语音粘贴（PHONEPATCH）Voicecommunication:VHF,HFradiocommunication,satellitecommunicationsystemandPHONEPATCH,.,1.1语音通讯VoiceCommunication语音通信是靠无线电电台或者卫星进行通话的地空通讯方式，其中使用无线电电台是国内最普遍使用的通信方式，但是由于通讯效果要受到高度、距离、天气等因素的限制，而不能给航空器提供贯穿整个飞行任务的通信保障。Voicecommunicationisaground-aircommunicationbasedonradiostationorsatellite.TheonewithradiostationisthemostcommonwayofcommunicationinChina.Butitseffectislimitedbyaltitude,distanceandweather,anditcantprovidecommunicationservicethroughouttheflight.,.,语音通讯VoiceCommunication,在航空器起飞前，签派员可以通过语音通信与机长进行放行上的沟通，如果目的地或者航路天气有重要变化，需要双方决定该航班是否需要延误或者取消。Beforetake-off,dispatchermaycommunicatewiththecaptainonreleasebyvoicecommunication.Ifimportantweatherchangehappens,theybothneedtodecidewhetherflightshoulddelayorbecanceled.,.,如果某些地面保障单位迟迟没有到位，机长也可以通过语音通信要求签派员进行协调，以保障飞行任务的正常执行。Ifsomegroundservicedoesntonduty,captainshouldaskdispatcherbyvoicecommunicationtocoordinatewiththemandensurethenormalityoftheflighttask.,.,航路上如果遇到紧急情况或者需要向地面请求信息的时候，可以通过语音通讯与签派员取得联系；同样当地面有需要向飞行员提供的信息或有需要了解的情况时，也可以联系飞行员。Iftheaircraftencountersemergentsituationorneedsinformationfromground,thepilotshouldusevoicecommunicationtocontactdispatcher;inthesameway,whengroundneedtoprovideinformationtopilotorknowwhatshappening,theycanalsocontactpilot.,语音通讯VoiceCommunication,.,如果公司要求，还应在公司规定的报告点报告飞机所在位置、预达时间、油量等相关情况，以便地面控制中心能对飞行任务的执行情况有及时的了解。Asrequiredbythecompany,pilotshouldreportthepositionandETAandfuelquantityatrequiredfixinordertoletgroundcontrolcentertoknowthesituationoftheflighttask.,语音通讯VoiceCommunication,.,在航空器降落前，飞行员可以通过语音通信向签派员通报预计到场时间以及落地后所需要的地面服务，并获得停机位信息。Beforelanding,pilotmayreporttodispatcherestimatearrivaltimeandgroundserviceneededafterlandingandgetstandinformationbyvoicecommunication.,语音通讯VoiceCommunication,.,1.2数据链通讯Datalinkcommunication数据链通信是通过VHF、HF或者卫星通讯所进行的地空数据传递的通讯方式，其中信息的准确性可以使飞行驾驶员更加精力集中于安全飞行上。Datalinkcommunicationisaground-airdatatransmittingcommunicationbyVHF,HFandsatellitecommunication.Theaccuracyofinformationletpilotfocusmoreonsafeflying.,.,飞行员的工作强度可以大大降低Theworkloadofpilotmaybelargelyreduced减少了由于语言问题造成的隐患Reducingofhiddentroublebylanguage数据链通信的效率高Highefficiencyofdatalinkcommunication节约飞行前准备的时间Savingpreparationtimebeforeflight有助于减少航班延误Reducingflightdelay紧急情况下技术支援Techniquesupportonemergency,.,ACARS主要实现功能介绍IntroductionofACARSMainfunction,运行控制全程监控：FullMonitoringofOperationControl当目的地或者航路天气变差，或者有重要的航行信息可以通过ACAES及时通报给飞行员。如飞机上发生了紧急情况如机械故障等，机长也可以通过ACARS及时与地面取得联系，获得相关信息，有助于对所发生的情况做出最合理的判断。Whentheweatheronrouteoratdestinationturningbad,importantNOTAMcancanbereportedtopilotbyACAESimmediately.Andifemergencylikemechanicalproblemhappensonaircraft,pilotcanalsocontactgroundbyACARStogetrelatedinformationwhichhelpstomakereasonabledecisioninthesituation.,.,电子舱单上传：ElectronicManifestUpload能够在50秒内完成舱单上传，机组需要确认，具有快速、准确、高效等优势，尤其体现在临时改做舱单等方面，减少了由于人为原因造成的航班延误。Finishthemanifestuploadin50seconds.Crewmembershouldensuretherapidity,accuracyandefficiency,especiallywhentemporarymanifestchangeshouldbemade,toreducethedelaybyhumanfactor.,.,飞机ECAM故障及发动机故障监控：AircraftECAMProblemandEngineProblemMonitoring飞机在空中出现故障后，机务会及时收到与飞机一样的警告，可以提前准备需要的航材，并通过ACARS提出相关处置建议，机组也可以将警告通过自由报文告诉签派部门进行信息传递；Whenproblemofaircrafthappensintheflight,maintenancewillgetthesamewarning,andtheymayprepareforneededaviationequipmentandadvicethesolutionbyACARS,ortellthedispatchdepartmenttotransmitinformation.,.,ACARS系统组成（见下图所示）ComponentsofACARS(AsShownintheChart),.,ACARS系统组成ComponentsofACARS,地空数据通信系统：机载地空数据通信设备；地空数据通信地面网络（含运行控制中心）；地空信息处理系统（含航空公司应用，空管与服务应用，公众服务等）。Ground-airdatacommunicationsystem:Airborneground-airdatacommunicationequipment;ground-airdatacommunicationnetwork(includingoperationcenter);ground-airinformationprocessionsystem(includingairlineapplication,airtrafficcontrolandserviceapplicationandpublicservice).,.,ACARS系统组成ComponentsofACARS,机载地空数据通信设备：（通信）管理组件；多功能控制与显示设备（MCDU）或其他相关设备（IDU）；VHF/SATCOM/HF收发信机（电台）；打印机。AirborneGround-airdatacommunicationequipment:(communication)managecomponent;multi-functioncontrolanddisplayunitorotherrelatedequipment(likeIDU);VHF/SATCOM/HFtransceiver(radio);printer.,.,地空数据通信地面网络：VHF地面接收站（RGS）；卫星地球站（EGS）；HF地面站；网络运行控制中心；通信卫星Ground-airdatacommunicationgroundnetwork:VHFgroundtransceiver(RGS);satelliteearthstation(EGS);HFgroundstation;networkoperationcontrolcenter;communicationsatellite.,.,地空信息处理系统：航空公司航班运行控制系统飞机监控，双向数据通信等；飞机状态监控与远程故障诊断机务维修；地面服务与支持地面服务，客舱服务，主要数据计算与传输；公众服务数据发布等。Ground-airinformationprocessionsystem:airlineflightoperationcontrolsystem-flightmonitoring,two-waydatacommunication;aircraftstatusmonitoringanddistantproblemdiagnosis-maintenance;groundserviceandsupport-groundservice,cabinservice,maindatacomputingandtransmitting;publicservice-datarelease.,.,2飞行监控程序FlightMonitoringProgram,飞行监控是签派放行工作的延伸，是飞行签派工作的重要组成部分，责任签派员必须监控其责任区内的每次飞行的进展。Flightmonitoringisnotonlytheextension,butalsothesignificantpartofdispatchingreleasework,andresponsibledispatchermustmonitortheprogressofeachflightwithinhisorherturnoutarea.,.,2.1飞行期间运行信息通报程序OperationInformationNotifyProcedureDuringFlight,在飞行期间，飞行签派员应当及时向机长提供可能影响该次飞行安全的天气条件，包括晴空颠簸、雷暴、低空风切变等危险天气现象，和有关设施、服务不正常的任何可以获得的补充信息。在提供信息的同时，签派员应当分析这些信息对飞行的影响，制定应对的处理预案。Duringflight,thedispatchershouldprovidethefollowingmetrologicalinformationwhichmayaffecttheoperationofthisflighttothepilot,itincludescleanairturbulence,thunderstorm,lowlevelwindshearandotherdangerousweatherphenomenon,meanwhileanyobtainablesupplementaryinoperativeinformationaboutrelevantfacilityandservice.Atthesametime,thedispatchershouldanalysistheeffectoftheseinformationtotheflightoperationandestablishthecontingencyplan.,.,飞行期间，机组有责任和义务将飞行中的不正常情况及时通过ACARS发报或甚高频等通讯手段通知责任签派员，以取得必要的地面支援。Duringflight,inordertoobtainnecessarygroundsupport,thecrewmembersareliabletonotifytheabnormalsituationinflighttotheresponsibledispatcherthroughACARSorVHFimmediately.责任签派员通过ACARS系统对航班的全程运行进行监控，掌握航班的当前位置、燃油消耗、剩余油量、发动机工作状态等关键参数。TheresponsibledispatchermonitorsthewholeflightoperationthroughACARSsystemandmasterthekeyparametersaboutcurrentposition,fuelconsumption,remainingfuel,engineworkstatusandsoon.,.,2.2燃油监控Fuelmonitoring,飞机起飞后，机长应监控机上燃油消耗情况，保证飞机有足够的燃油安全完成该次飞行。当条件变化，超出计划的燃油消耗时，将使用额外油。机长和飞行签派员有责任使飞机避免使用额外油，当条件要求使用额外油时，机长和/或飞行签派员应准备宣布最低燃油状态，并采取合适的程序来尽快完成该次飞行。Aftertakingoff,thepilotshouldmonitorthefuelconsumptionandensurethattheplanehasenoughfueltocompletethisflight.Whentheconditionchangesandthefuelexceedstheplanfuelconsumption,additionaloilwillbeused.Thepilotanddispatcherareresponsibletoavoidusingadditionalfuel.Whentheconditionrequiretouseadditionalfuel,thepilotanddispatchershouldpreparedtoannounceminimumfuelcondition.Meanwhile,appropriateproceduresareneededtocompletethisflight.,.,预计到达时的油量（EFOA）,燃油监控要求机长和责任签派员对在计划着陆机场的预计到达时的油量(EFOA)进行持续的监视。预计到达时的油量(EFOA)等于飞机的实际放行油量减去飞机从起飞机场至计划着陆机场预计要消耗的油量。ThereisaneedforpilotanddispatchertocontinuouslymonitortheEFOA.TheactualdeparturefuelvalueminusthewastingfuelfromdepartureairportisEFOA.,.,决断油量Decisionfuelvalue决断油量是指机长或飞行签派员决定使飞