英汉语言对比与翻译

英汉语言对比与翻译,翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义,JeanDelisle,representativeofFrenchInterpretativeTheoryofTranslation,saysinhisTranslation:AnInterpretiveApproach,“Inotherwords,eachcommunityhasdevelopedhabitsofexpressionthat,overtime,havebeenintegratedintothelanguageandlentitcertaincharacteristics.”1HealsoquotesfromEdmondCary:“Twolanguagescanbothbeinflectedandbelongtothesamefamilyyetneverthelessdifferconsiderablyinthewaytheyexpressideasandconveymeanings.”11.Delisle,J.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproachM.Eng.trans,byLogan.P5,关于英汉语言的比喻,以上比喻可以说基本上代表了英汉对比研究领域对这英汉两种语言各自总体特征的认识。这里我们把它们统一为汉语的线性序列结构和英语的空间结构。,天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。,天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。,Mt.Tianmu,denselyforestedandscarcelypopulated,islikeafairylandwhereheavyfogsenvelophalfwayupthemountainandclearstreamsflowalongthevalleys.,denselyforestedandscarcelypopulated,Mt.Tianmu,islikeafairylandwhereheavyfogsenvelophalfwayupthemountainandclearstreamsflowalongthevalleys.,英汉比喻带来的启示,理论认识层面：翻译就是重构(Translatingisrestructuring.)。Nida:“Topreservethecontentofthemessagetheformmustbechanged.”1Nida:“Ifalllanguagesdifferinform(andthisistheessenceoftheirbeingdifferentlanguages),thenquitenaturallytheformsmustbealteredifoneistopreservethecontent.”11.Nida,E.A.&Taber.C.R.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationM.Leiden:Brill,1982：5.,英汉比喻带来的启示,Delisle：Translationisanartofre-expressionbasedonwritingtechniquesandaknowledgeoftwolanguages.1“andre-expression(toreconstructthetextinanotherlanguagewritingtechniques.”21、2.Delisle,J.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproachM.Eng.trans,byLogan.P&Creery.M.,Ottawa:UniversityofOttawaPress,1980:3；83,英汉比喻带来的启示,“Itisthemeaningofamessagethatistransferredfromonelanguagetoanother,andthetransferisaccomplishedbyanalyzingandthenreconstructingsemanticrelationships.”1“Translationcanthereforebedefinedastheoperationbywhichtherelevantsignificationoflinguisticsignsisdeterminedthroughreferencetoameaningasformulatedinamessage,whichisthenfullyreconstructedinthesignsofanotherlanguage.”21、2.Delisle,J.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproachM.Eng.trans,byLogan.P&Creery.M.,Ottawa:UniversityofOttawaPress,1980:3；52,英汉比喻带来的启示,实践指导意义：翻译成功的关键之一，就是要实现句子结构之间的转换。汉译英时，要把汉语的线性序列，转换成英语的空间结构，这能在很大程度上避免所谓的Chinglish。英译汉时，要把英语的空间结构，转换成汉语的线性序列，这能在很大程度上避免所谓的“欧化”句子。,对英汉比喻的错误定位,把汉语的线性序列和英语的空间结构与英汉语形合与意合对应起来，把上述提及到的比喻都认为是形合和意合的形象表达。而形合与意合的内涵实际上是关于句子衔接的问题，主张在汉译英时添加应有的连接词，或者在英译汉时省略连接词。连接词的使用与否不能保证译成的汉语就是线性序列的，或者译成的英语就是空间结构的。,重估英汉语言比喻对实践的价值,英语的空间结构，实际上是一种“修饰”结构，也就是“主从”结构；汉语的线性序列，实际上是一种“并列”结构，亦即每个子句都是“主谓”结构(含隐性主谓结构)。汉译英：Step1：找出句子的重心，用主谓形式将它表示出来，作为句子的“树干”，Step2:把汉语中其他的“主谓结构”变为英语中的“主从结构”，即变成分词，动名词，不定式，介词结构以及从句等，作为句子的枝桠附属在句子的主干上；Step3:空间性。既然把英语的句子结构比喻为一串葡萄、枝杈，就说明多数情况下这个树干是在中间的，它的左右两边都有枝杈，达到左右对称。这种对称只是一种近似。,例句,例2山西省是中国古代文明发祥地之一，有悠久的历史。1.ShangxiisoneofhomesofancientcivilizationinChina.IthasalonghistoryorShangxiisoneofhomesofancientcivilizationinChinaandhasalonghistory2.OneofthecradlesofancientcivilizationinChina,Shanxihasalonghistory3.Withalonghistory,ShanxiisoneofthebirthplacesofancientcivilizationinChina.,例句,例3诺丁山嘉年华每年八月在伦敦的诺丁山举行，为期三天（包括一个周末和银行假日）。1.NottingHillCarnivalisheldeachAugustonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,lastingthreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).HeldeachAugustonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,NottingHillCarnivallaststhreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).AnannualeventwhichtakesplaceonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,eachAugust,NottingHillCarnivallaststhreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).,例句,例4小马儿鼻子冻得通红，挂着两条白鼻涕。Because/since/forthenoseofLittleMaerbecameredwithcold,itisrunning.ThenoseoflittleMaerbecameredwithcold.So/therefore/asaconsequence/asaresultitisrunning.,例句,例4小马儿鼻子冻得通红，挂着两条白鼻涕。ThenoseofLittleMaerbecameredwithcold,running.ThenoseofLittleMaer,redwithcold,isrunning.Note：汉语的线性序列和英语的空间结构作为最基本的对比范畴，在运用时需要考虑诸如文体、语意重心等因素。,例5二十岁的暑假，在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象，听说他考上了研究生，被他的进步所打击，心如刀绞，想到这辈子终于不能出色得让他看我一眼，不禁怆然泪下。三十岁之后，到处打听哪里可以花钱买个MBA。汉语在标点使用上的模糊性：“由于汉语句法结构的开放性，应该在哪儿断句，主要取决于写说者或标点人对意义的理解。”1这种“中英文句子在断句，标点上的差异是影响汉英一一对应以及导致中文一句对两句甚至多句现象多发的主要原因”21.王峻岩.英汉句法对比散议.载萧立明主编.英汉语对比研究C.长沙：湖南人民出版社，1992：1072.王克非.双语对应语料库研制与应用M.北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2004：104,例5二十岁的暑假，在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象，听说他考上了研究生，被他的进步所打击，心如刀绞，想到这辈子终于不能出色得让他看我一眼，不禁怆然泪下。三十岁之后，到处打听哪里可以花钱买个MBA。译文1：InthesummerholidaywhenIwas20,Imetmyunrequitedloveinthestreetofmyhometownbyaccident.Iheardthathehadpassedthepostgraduateexam.Iwasstruckbyhisimprovement.AsIthoughtthathewouldneverlookatmebecauseofmyexcellence,mybittertearsjustrolleddowntheface译文2：Attheageof20,Iwasonmyvacation.ImettheboywhomIlovedsecretlyinthestreetofmyhometown.Iheardthathepassedthepostgraduateentranceexamination,soIwasreallydepressedbyhisprogressandfeltasifaknifewerepiercingmyheart.IcouldnthelpcryingwhenIthoughtthatIcouldntlethimlookatmewithneweyesduringmylifetime.ButafterIwas30,IinquiredaboutwhereIcouldbuyaMBA.,例5二十岁的暑假，在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象，听说他考上了研究生，被他的进步所打击，心如刀绞，想到这辈子终于不能出色得让他看我一眼，不禁怆然泪下。三十岁之后，到处打听哪里可以花钱买个MBA。译文1：InthesummerholidaywhenIwas20,Imetmyunrequitedloveinthestreetofmyhometownbyaccident.Iheardthathehadpassedthepostgraduateexam.Iwasstruckbyhisimprovement.AsIthoughtthathewouldneverlookatmebecauseofmyexcellence,mybittertearsjustrolleddowntheface译文2：Attheageof20,Iwasonmyvacation.ImettheboywhomIlovedsecretlyinthestreetofmyhometown.Iheardthathepassedthepostgraduateentranceexamination,soIwasreallydepressedbyhisprogressandfeltasifaknifewerepiercingmyheart.IcouldnthelpcryingwhenIthoughtthatIcouldntlethimlookatmewithneweyesduringmylifetime.ButafterIwas30,IinquiredaboutwhereIcouldbuyaMBA.,二十岁的暑假，在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象。Attheageof20,duringthesummerholidayIranintotheyoungmanwhomIlovedinprivateinthestreetofmyhometown.,二十岁的暑假，在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象，听说他考上了研究生，被他的进步所打击，心如刀绞，想到这辈子终于不能出色得让他看我一眼，不禁怆然泪下。三十岁之后，到处打听哪里可以花钱买个MBA。Attheageof20,duringthesummerholidayIranintotheyoungmanwhomIlovedinprivateinthestreetofmyhometown.Uponhearingthathehadbeenenrolledasapostgraduate,Iwasvirtuallydealtwithaheavyblow,believingreluctantlysopainfulafactthatIcouldneverdowellenoughtowinhisfavor,bittertearsstreamingdownmycheeks.After30,Ibusymyselfhereandthere,inquiringwhereIcouldbuyaMBAdiploma.,Uponhearingthathehadbeenenrolledasapostgraduate,Iwasvirtuallydealtwithaheavyblow,believingreluctantlysopainfulafactthatIcouldneverdowellenoughtowinhisfavor,bittertearsstreamingdownmycheeks.,例6我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大开放，变压力为动力，迎接加入世贸组织带来的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。Wehavethedeterminationandconfidencethatthroughthedeepeningofreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wecanturnpressureintomotiveforcetotakethechallengesarisenfromouraccessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomytoachievenewprogressonacontinuousbasis.,Wehavethedeterminationandconfidencethatthroughthedeepeningofreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wecanturnpressureintomotiveforcetotakethechallengesarisenfromouraccessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomytoachievenewprogressonacontinuousbasis.,我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大开放，变压力为动力，迎接加入世贸组织带来的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。Withconfidenceanddetermination,andthroughfurtherreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,meetingchallengesarisingfromChinasaccessiontotheWTO,andpushingforwardthedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.,Withconfidenceanddetermination,andthroughfurtherreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,meetingchallengesarisingfromChinasaccessiontotheWTO,andpushingforwardthedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.,例7全党必须坚定不移地高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，带领人民从新的历史起点出发，抓住和用好重要战略机遇期，求真务实，锐意进取，继续全面建设小康社会，加快推进社会主义现代化，完成时代赋予的崇高使命。,ThewholepartymustunswervinglyholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandleadpeopleinstartingfromthisnewhistoricalpoint,graspingandmakingthemostoftheimportantperiodofstrategicopportunities,stayingrealisticandpragmatic,forgingaheadwithdetermination,continuingtobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernization,andaccomplishingtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.(）,ThewholepartymustunswervinglyholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandleadpeopleinstartingfromthisnewhistoricalpoint,graspingandmakingthemostoftheimportantperiodofstrategicopportunities,stayingrealisticandpragmatic,forgingaheadwithdetermination,continuingtobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernization,andaccomplishingtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.,全党必须坚定不移地高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，带领人民从新的历史起点出发，抓住和用好重要战略机遇期，求真务实，锐意进取，继续全面建设小康社会，加快推进社会主义现代化，完成时代赋予的崇高使命。UnswervinglyholdinghighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,thewholepartymustleadpeopletomakethebestoftheimportantstrategicopportunitiesavailableatanewhistoricalpoint.Stayingrealisticandpragmaticandforgingaheadwithdetermination,thewholepartymustcontinuetob