语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature

.,Chapternine,Languageandliterature,.,9.1introduction,ThehistoryofstyleThedefinitionofstylisticsThefeaturesofstylisticsindifferentperiods:1960s1970s1980s1990sRemarksof申丹：plural-headsdevelopmentsDifferentschoolsofstylisticscompetefordevelopmentandnewschoolsemergenowandthen.,.,9.2somegeneralfeaturesoftheliterarylanguage,Featuresofliterarylanguagearedisplayedinthefollowingthreeaspects:1.phonology2.grammar3.semanticsLiteraylanguagediffersfromnon-literarylanguageinthattheformerisforegroundedintheabovethreeaspects.,.,Theterm“foregrounding”,DefinitionDeviationoflanguageinvolvesalllevelsoflanguage:vocabulary,sound,syntax,meaning,graphology,etc.Repetitionisalsoakindofdeviation.Alliteration,parallism,andmanyfiguresofspeecharetheexamplesofforegroundinginliterarylanguage.,.,9.2.1foregroundingandthegrammaticalform,Inliterarytexts,thegrammaticalsystemofthelanguageisoftenexploited,experimentedwith,orinMukaroskyswords,madeto“deviatefromother,moreeveryday,formsoflanguage,andasaresultcreatesinterestingnewpatternsinformandinmeaning”.,.,9.2.2literallanguageandfigurativelanguage,ThedefinitionsofthetwoIsnon-literarylanguagethesameasliterallanguage?Isliterarylanguagethesameasfigurativelanguage?Whatthedifferenceofthetwogroupsofideas?LiterarylanguageNon-literarylanguageLiterallanguageFigurativelanguage,.,Trope,Itisanotherwordforthefigurativeuseoflanguage,whichreferstolanguageusedinafigurativewayforarhetoricalpurpose.,.,Someformsoftrope,SimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdoche,.,Whypeopleuselanguageinafigurativeway?,Thefigurativeuseoflanguagehastheeffectofmakingtheconceptsunderdiscussionmoredomesticandacceptable.Readerscan,.,9.2.3theanalysisofliteraylanguage,Proceduresweshouldfollowwhenweanalyzethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofaliterarytext...,.,Thefunctionofthefigurativeuseoflanguage,Itmightbetomaketheabstractseemconcrete;tomakethemysteriousorfrighteningseemsafe,ordinaryanddomestic,ortomaketheeverydayusageseemwonderfulandunusual.,.,9.3thelanguageinpoetry,.,9.3.1soundpatterning,Rhymeissalientfeatureofpoetry.Endrhymeoccursattheendofalineinapoem,thepatterniscVC.Thelastwordofalinehasthesamefinalsoundsasthelastwordofanotherline,sometimesimmediatelyaboveorbelow,sometimesoneormorelinesaway.Endrhymeisverycommoninsomepoeticstyles,andparticularlyinchildrenspoetry.Itisalsoafeatureinplaysandsongs.,.,9.3.2differentformsofsoundpatterning/differentrhymes,Internalrhyme:Alliteration:theinitialconsonantsareidenticalinit(Cvc).Assonance:itdescribessyllableswithacommonvowel(cVc).Consonance:itdescribessyllableswiththesameconsonants(cvC).Itisalsocalledhalf-rhyme.Reverserhyme:syllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant,CVc,ratherthanthevowelandthefinalconsonantasisthecaseinendrhyme,Cvc.Pararhyme:twosyllableshavingthesameinitialandfinalconsonants,butdifferentvowels(CvC),theypararhyme.Repetition:twoexactlysamesyllables.,.,9.3.3stressandmetricalpatterning,StressedsyllableUnstressedsyllableWhichsyllableisstressedisdecidedbytwoelements:1.2.Rhyme:therepetitionofasoundorsoundcombination.(韵）Rhythms（节奏）comeoutofthearrangmentofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Whenstressisorganizedtoformregularrhythms,thetermusedforitismeter.(韵律）Unitsofmeterarecalledfeet.(音步）,.,Thetypesoffeet,Iamb:Trochee:Anapest:Dactyl:Spondee:Pyrrhic:,.,Lineswithdifferentnumbersoffeet,Dimeter:alinewithtwofeet.Trimeter:Tetrameter:Pentameter:Hexameter:Heptameter:Octameter:,.,9.3.4conventionalformsofmeterandsound,CoupletQuatrainsBlankverseSonnetFreeverseLimericks?Whatisthedifferenceofblankverseandfreeverse?,.,Thepoeticfunctionsofsoundandmetre,Whydopoetsusesoundandmetricalpatterningintheirpoetry?.5.6.,.,9.3.6howtoanalysepoetry?,Areasofdiscussionshouldbecoveredwhenweanalysepoetry?1.2.-a-b-c-d-e-f,.,9.4thelanguageinfiction,Threelevelsofdiscoursetoaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprose(i.e.anovelorshortstory)1.2.3.Atleasttherearesixviewpointstoanalysethediscoursestructureofafictionalprose.,.,I-narrators/thefirstpersonnarration,叙述者以“我”的口吻说话，并且他本人就是小说中的一个人物。如：TheCatcherintheRye,WutheringHeights,MobyDick.StrongpointsofitWeakpointsofit,.,Third-personnarration,叙述者是故事的局外人，他谈到作品本身的人物时，只呼其名或以“他”、“她”、“他们”来称呼。如TomJonesbyHenryFielding,.,Schema-orientedlanguage,.,Givenandnewinformation,.,deixis,.,9.4.2speechandthoughtpresentation,(1)speechcanbepresentedinfiveways:1)2)3)4)5)freeindirectspeechexamples,.,Thoughtpresentation,(2)thoughtcanbepresentedalsoinfiveways.AstheeffectsassociatedwithNRT,NRTAorITareroughlythesameasthoseassociatedwithspeechpresentation,attentionwillbefocusedonthediscussionofDTandFIT.,.,Directthought,TheusageofitThedifferenceofdirectthoughtandsoliloquy.,.,Freeindirectthought,ThetypicaleffectofitThemarkeddifferenceofFISandFIT,.,streamofconsciousnesswriting,Limitedpointofviewofthethird-personnarration,.,Thefeaturesofstreamofconsciousnesswriting,ThemostfreeversionofDTHighlyellipticalsentencestructure,.,Prosestyle,AuthorialstyleTextstyle,.,9.4.4howtoanalysethelanguageoffiction,.5.6.,.,9.5thelanguageindrama,Aplayexistsintwoways-onthepage,andonthestage.Thedifferentfeaturesofthetwotypesofplay,.,9.5.1howshouldweanalysedrama?,DramaaspoetryDramaasfictionDramaasconversation,.,9.5.2analyzethedramaticlanguage,1.ductionerrors4.thecooperative