词的翻译技巧

.词的翻译技巧 外语系 朱世梅英汉两种语言在句型结构和表达习惯上各有特点,如果机械地把英语的名词译成汉语的名词,英语的动词译成汉语的动词,如此等等,译文就显得不够自然通顺。为此,我们在翻译时,可以按照原作上下文意思的需要,把原作中某些词在译文中进行词类转换。一、转译法(一) 转译成动词1. During the half-hour talk, the two sides exchanged views on the choices of terms of payment, but they made no mention of the mode of transportation.在半小时的商谈中,双方就付款方式交换了意见,但没提到运输方式。(原文中名词mention转换成译文动词：”提到”。) 2. This is an argument for, not against, an institutional approach to international problems.这是表示赞成在处理国际问题时应由一套机构来商讨的论据,它不是表示反对这种做法的(原文介词for和明against转换成译文动宾词组“表示赞成”和“表示反对”。)3. Scientists are confident that a11matter is indestructible.科学家们深信一切物质是不灭的。(原文形容词与系词连用构成谓语,在翻译时可转换成汉语的动词“深信”。)4. Be through with the oiling of the parts before the machine is operated在开动机器之前,要把部件的上油工作做完。(原文作表语的副词through转换成译文动词“做完”。)(二)转译成名词1. Gases differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.气体和固体的区别,在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。(原文动词山differ转换成译文的名词“区别”。)2. At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.温度不变,则气体压力和其体积成反比例。(原文形容词proportional转换成译文名词“比例”。)3. People in enterprises must be mathematically informed, if they are to make wise decision.企业管理人员要想作出明智的决策就必须懂得数学。(原文副词mathematically转换成译文名词“数学”。)(三)转译成形容词1. He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem.他注意到两国在柏林问题上的意见是非常一致的。(原文名词昭agreement转换成译文形容词“一致的”。)2. The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation.电子计算机的主要特点是正确和迅速计算。(原文副词chiefly转换成译文形容词“主要”。)(四)转译成副词1. It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.我们很高兴地看到,我国造船工业正在蓬勃发展。(原文名词pleasure转换成译文副词“高兴地”。)2. He said, if this was the case, he would be temped to try.他说,如果情况是这样,他颇有跃跃欲试之感。(原文动词tempt转换成译文副词“跃跃”。)3. We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements.我们仔细地研究了这些元素的特性。(原文形容词careful转换成译文副词“仔细地”。)二、增译法增译法是根据句法结构和修辞效果的需要,在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其意的词。增译是为了使译文意思清楚完整、流畅通顺。试看下列例句：1. We have handled textiles for more than 30 years.我公司经营各种纺织品已有三十多年。(在复数名词前增译表示复数概念的词“各种”,使复数意义更明确。)2. The major problem in fabrication is the control of contamination and foreign materials, e.g. that of drugs.制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制污染和杂质,例如,药品的制造。(根据上下文的逻辑意义,补充表示动作的名词“过程”。)3. Some process, such as oil refining, may be completely automated from start to finish.有些生产过程,例如提炼石油,可以自始至终全部自动化。(从上下文意义的需要出发,增译汉语动词“生产”。)4. Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers. 速度快、可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。(在译文名词“速度”和“可靠性”后增加形容词“快”和“高”。)5. Note again that considerable simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data are made symmetrical.还要注意,在解决上述问题时,如果使数据对称,就能得到很大程度的简化。(英语中因惯用法或上下文关系,常省去不影响理解全句意义的词语,例如,此句中的”the above”,但汉语译文中必须增译这些省去的词语,否则译文就不够清楚。)6. A designer must have a good foundation in statistics, kinematics, dynamics and strength of materia1s.一个设计人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这四个方面有很好的基础。(在句中列述几种情况后,随即附以“三个方面”、“五个项目”等词语,这些叫做概括性词语。英语原文中往往没有这种词语,在汉语译文中需要增译。)三、省译法省译法指的是在英译汉时省略英文原作中某些词语,从而使译文言简意赅、通顺流畅,更符合汉语的习惯。但是,省译不是随意删改原文的涵义,而是在忠实原文思想内容的原则下,省略那些累赘的词语。1. We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air.声波在空气中传播时是看不见的。(当人称代词用以泛指一般人时,通常省译。)2. Our associated export cooperation was founded in 1990 and our lines are mainly arts and Crafts.1990年我们联营出口公司成立,我们主要经营工艺品。(英语中使用介词的频率很高,翻译时如逐词译出,势必显得很累赘。在汉译时介词常省略不译。)3. This laser beam covers a very narrow range of frequencies.这个激光束的频率范围很窄。(在完整表达原文内容时,可按汉语表达法,省译动词,用形容词“很窄”作谓语。)4. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此,我就不参加了。(表示条件的连词if,一般译为“假如”、“如果”等,但在日常口语体或文言文结构中,往往可以省略不译。)5. The applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference in ge