英语语语法串讲ppt课件

.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【1】倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多Twiceasmuchasb.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+thesize(amount，length)ofTheearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。c.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【2】wouldratherdo.thando可理解为“宁愿也不”。例如：Hewouldratherresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.他宁可辞职也不干这种不正当的勾当。wouldrather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型Wouldrather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿,还是引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。例Johnwantstoseemetoday.Iwouldratherhecametotomorrowthantoday.约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来),.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【3】nosooner.than”、“hardly.when”和“scarcely.before”以上三个句型的意思是“一就”。应当注意的是，在以上句型中，句子的前半部分一般用过去完成时，而后半部则用一般过去时。该句型通常采用倒装语序。例如：NosoonerhadIopenedthecagethanthelittlebirdflewout.=Scarcely(Hardly)hadIopenedthecagebefore(when)thelittlebirdflewout.我一开笼小鸟就飞出去了。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【4】anythingbut”、“nothingbut”和“allbut”英语中，“anythingbut”=never,“nothingbut”=only,“allbut”=almost,nearly。例如：Heisanythingbutascientist.他决不是科学家。Iamnothingbutastudent.我不过是个学生。Heisallbutafool.他几乎是个傻瓜。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【5】“superiorto”、“inferiorto”、“seniorto”和“juniorto”以上几个形容词表示比较时后面用“to”不用“than”superiorto”意思是优于，高于；“inferiorto”意思是次于；“seniorto”意思是年长于，地位高于；“juniorto”意思是年幼于，地位低于，迟于。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【6】不定式用法作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：Ihavealotofworktodo.作状语inorderto,soasto,(如此以便)Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【7】先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。e.g.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。e.g.Thisisthebestbook(that)Iveeverread.先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast修饰时，用that。e.g.HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【8】Which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。e.g.1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【9】“of+which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。e.g.1.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom2.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【10】as/which引导非限定性定语从句（1）关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.（2）如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.（3）当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【11】分词的否定式not+分词Nothavingreceivedhisletter,hedecidedtocallhim.Notknowinghisaddress,shecannotgetintouchwithhim.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【12】分词作作宾语补足语分词作宾语补足语，要看分词与宾语的关系。若为主动关系，则用现在分词；若为被动关系，则用过去分词。WhenIwentintotheclassroom,Isawalltheclassmateswritingcompositionaccordingtowhattheteachersaid.Hehadhisleginjuredinthebasketballmatchyesterday.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,【13】现在分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（wrong）Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.（right）Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(wrong)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholevillage.(right)Seenfromthetower,thevillagelooksverybeautiful.Comparedwiththebusinesscard,theelectronicdictionaryisalittlebigger.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,14主语从句引导词有连词that(that不可省),whether;代词有who,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等.主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.连接词that在从句中无实际意义,但不能省略.whether可以引导主语从句,但if不能.whoever,whatever,whichever等词可以引导主语从句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能.如:1.Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.(Itisknowntousthatheisafamoussinger.)2.WhenhewillgotoAmericaisnotyetfixed.(ItisnotyetfixedwhenhewillgotoAmerica.),.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,15whether和if都可以引导宾语从句但:(1).当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.例:IdontknowwhetherIwillstayornot.(2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.例:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,16表语从句Theproblemisthatwedidntgetintouchwithhim.ThisishowHenrysolvedtheproblem.Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)finishtheworkatonce.表语从句只能用whether,而不能用if引导.不要使用Thereasonisbecausethat句型,应使用Thereasonisthat或This/it/that/isbecause等句型.例如:今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多.误:Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisbecausethattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.正:Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.或:Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,17同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,order,suggestion,proof,message,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词.引导词有连词that;1.Thethoughtthatwemightsucceedexcitedus.2.Theideathattheyshouldtryasecondtimeisworthconsidering.3.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,18whether与if均为“是否”但下列情况下只用whether：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首Whetherhewillcomeisnotclear.2.whether引导表语从句Thequestioniswhetherhellcome.3.whether从句作介词宾语Imnotsureaboutwhetherwellwin.4.从句后紧跟“ornot”或“to”Whetheryoulikeitornot,youllhavetodoit.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,19IfI+V-ed,Iwould.结构If过去式动词，主词过去式助动词（wouldshould等）原形动词说明这是与现在事实相反的假设句型。if中的，不论为第几人称，一律用were，were可置于主词前面，而省略if。IfIknewhisaddress,Icouldwritetohim.如果我知道他的住址，我会写信给他。IfIwerefreenow,Imightcallonhim.如果我有时间，我可能会去看他。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,20IfIhadV-ed,Iwouldhave.结构Ifhad过去分词，主词wouldshould等have过去分词说明这是与过去事实相反的假设。IfIhadseenhim,Iwouldhavetoldhimthetruth.如果我当时看见他，我会告诉他实情。IcouldhavefinishedthetaskifIhadhadmoretime.如果当时我能有多一点时间，我就能完成这项任务。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,21IfIhadV-ed,Iwould.结构Ifhad过去分词，主词wouldshould等原形动词nowtoday说明这是不一致时的假设，亦称混合假设条件句。Ifhehadworkedharderwhenyoung,hewouldbewelloffnow.如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,22IfIshould.,Iwould.结构Ifshould，wouldshould等原形动词说明这是表示与未来事实相反的假设，if要用should，译成“万一”。Ifheshouldcome,Iwouldtellhimthetruth.万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。Ifitshouldrain,ourplanwouldbespoiled.万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,23IfIwereto.,I.结构Ifwereto，wouldshould等原形动词说明这也是表示与未来状况相反的假设，与“if.should,.”大致相同，但“if.wereto”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“与真理相反”的。Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,hewouldpasstheexam.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,24Ifitwerenotfor.结构ifitwerenotfor名词子句，主词wouldshould等原形动词Ifitwerenotforoxygenintheair,nomancouldliveontheearth.如果大气中没有氧气，人就无法生存于地球了。Butforyouradvice,Ishouldhavefailed.要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。Wereitnotforhishelp,Icouldnotfinishthework.若非有他的帮助，我就不能完成这件工作,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,25Ifithadnotbeenfor.结构ifithadnotbeenfor名词子句，主词wouldshould等原形动词说明此句型意为“若非（有）”。此类句构专门用于表示与过去事实相反的。Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp,Ishouldhavefailed.如果没有他的帮忙，我应该已经失败。Haditnotbeenforthekindguide,Imighthavegotlostinthemountains.要不是这位好心的向导，我可能就在山中迷路了。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,26demand/insistthat.结构主词1意志动词（demandinsist等）（that）主词2（should）原形动词说明意志有四类：建议（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge等），要求（desire，ask，demand，require，request，maintain，insist等），命令（order，command等），规定（rule，regulate，stipulate等）。其后接that-时，该里的要用原形或“should”。美式英语通常省略should。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,27Itisproper.that.该句型表示“当然、应该、必要、适当”之意结构Itis意志形容词（important等）（that）主词（should）原形动词说明意志包括important，necessary，imperative，essential，urgent，desirable，advisable，recommendable，proper等。that-中只能用should，不可用must，而should往往予以省略,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,28Ifonly+V-ed结构Ifonly过去式过去完成式说明此句型意为“要是就好了。”用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；若用，则表示与过去事实相反。IfonlyIhadarichfather.要是我有个有钱的爸爸就好了。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,29虚拟语气在itistimethat句型中的应用该句型表示早该做而未做的事情。其表达形式为：Itistime+(that)+（从句）主语+were或过去式动词ItisabouttimeItishightime-Ithinkitstime(that)theystoppedthispractice.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,30虚拟语气用在wouldrather(sooner)后的that从句该句型表示希望或婉转的责备。-Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.-IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.（我自己也能去，但我宁愿你去。）,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,31过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.典型例题1)Thefirsttextbook_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havewrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written2）Whatsthelanguage_inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,32分词作状语AsIdidntreceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.-Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.-Givenmoreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,33选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。(Being)usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,34分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：Ifoundmycarmissing.我发现我的车不见了。Illhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,35分词作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generallyspeaking一般说来talkingof(speakingof)说道strictlyspeaking严格的说judgingfrom从判断allthingsconsidered从整体来看takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看来Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking并不是dogs的动作),.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,36分词作时间状语如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用havingdone。Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentout.=Ashehadfinishedhishomework,hewentout.典型例题_areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Becausehehadnotreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.分词的语态,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,37独立主格结构1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,wellgooutforawalk.然后将if去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,38With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语典型例题Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisback。A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied答案D.with+名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,39不定式的否定形式Thepatientwaswarned_oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteat该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式，warnsb.nottodosth.warnsb.againstdoingsth.该题应该用结构另外，not应放在to之前。,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,40不定式的时态Iwouldlove_tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegoneRobertissaid_abroad,butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyD.tohavebeenstudying,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,41过去分词作状语_inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法，A.LoseoneselfinthoughtB.belostinthought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,42过去分词作定语TheOlympicGames,_in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayedB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayingD.tobefirstplaying过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。所以A是正确的。Firstplayedin776B.C.=whichwasfirstplayedin776B.C.,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,43ing形式在句子中作状语的用法Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomakeMakingitthepopularsportintheworld为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed,.,专转本英语语法考前串讲,44过去分词作补语Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_thenextyear.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。Theplan与carryout的关系是被动关系。Seesth.done这结构常见的还有watch(notice,observ