必修三-unit3-grammar启用

Nounclausesastheobjectandpredicative,Unit3Grammar,从句的语用功能,英语复合句一般有三大类：名词性(主语、宾语、表语和同位语)从句；形容词性(定语)从句；副词性(状语)从句。在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词或名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,Hisjobisimportant.,Whathedoesisimportant.,Thisishisjob.,Thisiswhathedoeseveryday.,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,表语,Idontlikehisjob.,Idontlikewhathedoeseveryday.,Idontknowabouttheman,Mr.White.,Idontknowaboutthefactthatheisateacher.,宾语,同位语,宾语从句,Nounclausesastheobject,宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词和形容词的宾语。引导宾语从句词有:连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whose，what，which,whom连接副词when，where，how，why,TheObjectClause,(1)that引导宾语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分,可被省略。,Ithink(that)womencanreachveryhighachievementsinmanyfieldsofscience.,一，连词1.that引导的宾语从句,TheObjectClause,A.介词后的that不能省略。,Peterisagoodstudentexceptthatheissometimescareless.,(2)一般情况下that是可以省略的，但在下列几种情况下，that一般不省略。(4种),TheObjectClause,B.并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，and前面的that可省略，and后面的that不能省略。,Myunclesays(that)hehasservedherefortwentyyearsandthatheisgoingtoretirenextmonth.,TheObjectClause,C.宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。,Hetoldmethatifitwasnecessarytheywouldworkallnight.,D.在可以接复合宾语的动词之后，如think,make,consider等，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句后置，在这种情况下that不能省略e.g.Ithoughtitstrangethathefailedtocallme我觉得奇怪：他没给我打电话。,TheObjectClause,2.由if/whether引导的宾语从句,TheObjectClause,(1)从属连词whether/if做“是否”讲时，常用在ask,care,know等动词后引出带有疑问意义的宾语从句，从句保持陈述语序，whether和if不担当句子成分,只起连接作用。,Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedhowmanybabiesshehaddelivered.,(2)在下列情况下一般只用whether,而不用if(多用whether少用if),1.引导主语从句并放在句首时2.引导表语从句时3.引导从句做介词宾语时4.从句后有ornot时5.后接动词不定时6.做discuss等词的宾语时,Whethershecomesornotmakenodifference.Thequestioniswhetheritsworthtrying.Italldependsonwhethertheywillhelpus.Hedoesntknowwhethertostayornot.,3.连词that,whether,if的区别；动词doubt用在(1)疑问句或否定句时，其后宾语从句常用that作连接词；(2)用在肯定句时，连接词用whether或if皆可，而不用that。Doyoudoubtthathewillwin?Idontdoubtthatyourproposition（陈述，主张，提案）iswrong.Hedoubtswhether/ifIknowit.,二.连接代词和连接副词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词how,when,where,why这些连词都有词义，除了引导从句外，还在从句中充当一定的成分。这种从句有疑问意义，但不是疑问句，不能用疑问语序，而要用陈述语序。,TheObjectClause,TheObjectClause,1.Doyouknowwho/whomJackwasspeakingto?2.Heaskedwhosecaritwas.3.Payattentiontowhatthedoctorsaid.4.Pleasetellmewhentheearthquaketookplace.5.WillyoutellmehowIcankeepfitandhealthy?,在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词之后的宾语从句中，如果从句谓语是否定含义，则不用否定形式,而将主句谓语动词think等变为否定形式;e.g.Idontthinkyouareright我想你是不对的。,宾语从句中的一些注意事项1，宾语从句中的否定转移,（1）主句使用现在时，从句可使用任何时态；（2）主句使用一般过去时，从句除表示“真理”可使用现在时态外，一律使用过去时态。,Ithinkthatyouareright.,LinTaothoughttheTVplaywasveryboring.,Mybrothertoldmethattheearthisround.,2.宾语从句的时态取决于主句的时态,Sheinsistedthatthey(should)showhertheirpassports.,Hesuggestedthatwe(should)haveafurtherdiscussionaboutthefinaldecision.,3.在suggest,insist,order,demand,request,command等表示“建议，命令，要求，欲望”等词后面的宾语从句使用虚拟语气，(should)+V原形。,只要是宾语从句，从句为陈述语序Doyouknow_?A.whattimewilltheplanetakeoffB.whattimewouldtheplanetakeoffC.whattimetheplanewilltakeoffD.theplanewilltakeoffatwhattime,4，语序问题,1.Theydontknow_wearegoinghiking.2.Shewantedtoknow_hercoatwouldbereadythenextday.3.Iwasreallysurprisedat_Isaw.4.Doyouknow_skirtitis?,when,if/whether,what,whose,在下列各空白处填上适当的连接词，使句意通顺。,1.Ireallyhavenoidea_(我该选择什么主题).2.Ourteachertoldus_(光速比声速快多了).3.Ididnttellhim_(我参加了什么项目).4.I_(认为他没有时间和你打高尔夫球).5.Theyarediscussing_(这答案是否正确).,根据汉语完成句子。,表语从句,Nounclausesasthepredicative,that引导的表语从句that仅起连接作用，无意义，在句中不作任何成分，通常不可省略。这种从句往往是对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。e.g.Thefactisthatwehavelostthematch.,在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。,2.whether引导的表语从句连接词whether起连接作用，意为“是否、究竟、到底”（注意：if不能引导表语从句)在句中也不作任何成分。e.g.Thequestioniswhetherthatmanwillturnupintime.,3.what,which,who,whom,whose引导的表语从句连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中充当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。,ThePredicativeClause,e.g.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhichofusshouldcomefirst.Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.,4.where,when,why,how引导的表语从句连接副词where,when,why,how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。,ThePredicativeClause,e.g.ThatswhereIcantagreewithyou.ThisiswhySarawaslateforthemeeting.Thisishowtheyovercomethedifficulties.MystrongestmemoryiswhenIattendedanAmericanwedding.,5.其他连词asif,because,as,asthough引导的表语从句because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/Itisbecause”结构中。asif/though引导的表语从句常置于连系动词look,seem,sound,be,become等后面，常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。,ThePredicativeClause,e.g.Itsoundsasif/thoughsomebodywasknockingatthedoor.Myangerisbecauseyouhaventwrittentomeforalongtime.,高考链接,1.-Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterdaysgame?-Oh,thats_.(2003北京春季)A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited,A,解析：这是由what引导的一个表语从句，在从句中充当主语，这句话的意思为：那是使我感到兴奋的事。故答案为A。,2.-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.-Isthat_youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where,解析:这是一个由why引导的表语从句,表示原因.这句话的意思是这就是你离开的原因吗?。故答案为A。,A,3.Perseveranceisakindofqualityandthats_ittakestodoanythingwell.(2002上海春季)A.whatB.thatC.whichD.why,解析:what在表语从句中作takes的宾语,构成Ittakessth.todosth.的句型。答案为A。,A,4.Whenyouanswerquestionsinajobinterview,pleaserememberthegoldenrule:Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactly_hewants.(2002上海春季)A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that,解析:这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语,Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactlywhathewants是一句谚语,意思是永远给予他人他确实想要的东西。故答案为A。,A,Review,宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。表语从句在复合句中作句子的表语。,1.Thebestmomentforthefootballstarwas_hescoredthewinninggoal.（2014北京）A.whereB.whenC.howD.why,2.Pickyourselfup.Courageisdoing_youreafraidtodo.(2014福建)A.thatB.whatC.howD.whether,3.AsJohnLennononcesaid,lifeis_happenstoyouwhileyouarebusymakingotherplans.(2014湖南)A.whichB.thatC.whatD.where,4.Whatamess!Youarealwayssolazy!Imnottoblame,mum.Iam_youhavemademe.(2014江苏)A.howB.whatC.thatD.who,5.Atfirsthehatedthenewjobbutdecidedtogivehimselfafewmonthstosee_itgotanybetter.(2009北京)A.whenB.howC.whyD.if6.Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremain_shewasandwaitforhermother.(2009山东)A.whereB.whatC.howD.who,7.Wehaventdiscussedyet_wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.(2010全国I)A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where8.Cindyshutthedoorheavilyandburstintotears.Nooneintheofficeknew_shewassoangry.(2010湖南)A.whereB.whetherC.thatD.why,9.IprefershuttingmyselfinandlisteningtomusicalldayonSundays.Thats_Idontagree.Youshouldhaveamoreactivelife.(2010江苏)A.whereB.howC.whenD.what10.Onereasonforherpreferenceforcitylifeis_shecanhaveeasyaccesstoplaceslikeshopsandrestaurants.(2010上海)A.thatB.howC.whatD.why,11.Weveofferedherthejob,butIdontknow_shellacceptit.(2011山东)A.whereB.whatC.whetherD.which12.Thevillagershavealreadyknown_welldoistorebuildthebridge.(2011江西)A.thisB.tha