仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-107-VOR

/87,1,RadioNavigation:,VORVeryHighFrequencyOmni-directionalRange,/87,2,VORNavigation,VeryHighFrequencyOmnidirectionalRange(VOR)MostcommongroundbasednavaidVORVORTACVOR/DME,/87,3,VORstationstransmitradiobeams,orRadials,whichradiateoutwardFROMthestationineverydirection,likespokesonawheel,108.00-117.95MHzVHFfrequencieshave“lineofsight”limitation,/87,4,VORBASICOPERATION,VORGROUNDSTATION,REFERENCESIGNAL,VARIABLESIGNAL,/87,5,VORBASICOPERATION,INPHASE:REFERENCE-VARIABLESIGNAL(360),OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(090),OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(180),OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(360-000),/87,6,/87,7,VORCLASSES/StandardServiceVolumes,VORclassificationinA/FD“radioaidstonavigation”AIM1-1-8TerminalVORLocatedatAirportsforinstrumentapproaches25n.m.1,000AGL-12,000AGLLowAltitudeVOR40n.m.1,000AGL-18,000AGLataltitudes18,000AGLpossibleinterferenceHighAltitudeVOR40n.m.1,000AGL-14,500AGL100n.m.14,500AGL-18,000AGL130n.m.18,000AGL45,000AGL100n.mFL450-FL600,/87,8,AirborneEquipment,/87,9,CourseIndex,2odots,OmniBearingSelectorKnob,TO/FROMIndicator,UnreliableSignalFlag,CDINeedle,/87,10,VORINDICATOR,Eachdotis2degreesoffcourse5dotssensitivity;10degreesfull-scaledeflection,/87,11,VORRADIALS,/87,12,VORRADIALSvs.VORCOURSES,/87,13,NavigationProcedures,Tune:selectfrequencyIdentify:listentoMorsecodesignalNavigate:SelectdesiredcourseonOBSCenterneedletodeterminelocationCheckTO-FROMwindow“TO”-selectedcoursewilltakeyougenerallyTOstation“FROM”-selectedcoursewilltakeyougenerallyFROMstation,/87,14,IdentifyingaStation,Pull“Volume/Ident”knobListentoMorseCodeIdentifierCompareittodesiredstationonchartWrongcode-WrongstationNocode-Nostation“TEST”(_._)code-StationundermaintenanceVORcode:approx.every10secondsDMEcode:approx.every30seconds,/87,15,InterpretingVORIndications,Needlecenteredwith“FROM”inwindowAircraftisonradialOBScourseNeedlecenteredwith“TO”inwindowAircraftisonradialreciprocaltoOBScourse“FROMTOP-TOBOTTOM”NeedleNOTcentered(LorRofcenter)AircraftislocatedAWAYfromneedleNeedlerepresentsselectedcourselineEachdotis2degreesoffcourse5dotsensitivity:10degreesfull-scaledeflection,/87,16,CONEOFCONFUSION:overthestation,ZONEOFAMBIGUITY:“ABEAM”thestation,TheVORwillindicate“OFF”or“NAV”flagindicationswhenoverorabeamthestationorwhenoutofrangeandnotreceivingareliablesignal.,/87,17,StationPassage,ClosetothestationConeofconfusionCDIneedlefluctuatesFirstcompletereversalofTO/FROMisstationpassage,/87,18,TheTO/FROMIndicator,/87,19,TheTO/FROMIndicator,/87,20,TheTO/FROMIndicator,/87,21,CDI/TO-FROMindicationsdependonaircraftsPOSITIONONLY.VORindicationsareindependentofaircraftheading!,/87,22,AllaircraftlocatedinaPOSITIONwhereflyinginthedirectionselectedontheOBSwouldtakethemawayfromthestationwillhaveaFROMindication,CDI/TO-FROMindicationsdependonaircraftsPOSITIONONLY,regardlessofheading!,AllaircraftlocatedinaPOSITIONwhereflyinginthedirectionselectedontheOBSwouldtakethemtowardthestationwillhaveaTOindication,/87,23,CDI/TO-FROMindicationswillalwaysbeasiftheaircraftwereactuallyheadinginthedirectionyouhavesetintheOBScourseselector(regardlessofyouractualheading)!,/87,24,ReverseSensing,VORsystemdoesntknowaircraftsheadingItsensesyourpositionrelativetoselectedcourseCDIcomparesyourpositiontoOBScourseIfreciprocalofcourseselectedReversesensingoccurs(everythingisbackward)Toavoidreversesensing,setOBStodesiredcourseANDflyaheadingthatcloselymatchesyourselectedcourseREMEMBER:TheVORindicatesyourpositionrelativetoselectedOBScourseasifyouwereactuallymakinggoodthatcourse!,/87,25,REVERSESENSING,/87,26,VORINTERSECTIONS,OnlyoneVORreceiverisrequiredforinstrumentflightButhaving2helpssimplifyyourarrivalatintersections2centeredneedlestellsyouthatyouvearrivedattheintersectionwith1receiver,trackyourcourseandtuneintheoff-airwayradialwithFROMNeedlewilldeflecttowardoffairwaystationuntilyouarriveatintersectionthenitwillcenterandmoveawayfromstationafteryoupasstheintersection,/87,27,300Deg“TO”,120Deg“FROM”,/87,28,VORORIENTATIONDIAGRAM,/87,29,Thecourseline(depictedbytheredarrow)dividestheleft/righthalvesofthecompassrose.90degreesfromtheselectedcourse(depictedbythegreenline)dividestheTO/FROMhalvesofthecompassrose.,030FROMOr210TORIGHTNEEDLE,030FROMOr210TOLEFTNEEDLE,210FROMOr030TOLEFTNEEDLE,210FROMOr030TORIGHTNEEDLE,210FROMOr030TOCENTEREDNEEDLE,OFForNAVFLAGRIGHTNEEDLE,/87,30,VORorientation,WHEREAREYOU?,TO,/87,31,VORorientation,Isthiswhereyouthought?,TO,/87,32,VOROrientation,WHERE?,FROM,/87,33,VOROrientation,Isthiswhereyouthought?,FROM,/87,34,VORinterceptangle,Lookonthesamesideastheneedleforaheadingtointercept,Look30degreestotheleftfora30degreeintercept,/87,35,/87,36,/87,37,/87,38,VORIntercepting/TrackingRulesofThumb,60:1=60NM1degreeoffcourse=1NMoffcourseDistancevs.InterceptHeading(Angle)-0to5DMElessthan30degrees-5to10DME3045degrees-10+DME45+degrees,/87,39,/87,40,TimeandDistancetoStation,WingtipBearingChangemethod:Getstationoffwingtipandflyacrossasetnumberofdegreesofbearingchange(10makesthematheasier)Time=60Xminutesflown/DegreesofbearingchangeDistance=TASXminutesflown/Degreesofbearingchange,/87,41,/87,42,VORChecks,Withinpreceding30daysforIFRVOT(VORTestfacility)-360FROMor180TODesignatedGroundCheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-4ofdesignatedradialDesignatedAirbornecheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-6ofdesignatedradialAirwaycheckpoint91.171(b)(4)+/-6ofairwayradialDualVORcheckTunebothtosamestation.4degreesofeachother,/87,43,VOT:VORTESTSIGNAL,VORTestFacilities(VOTs)Availability/frequencylistedinA/FD1.Tunefrequency2.Identifydotsorcontinuoustone.3.Select360o.“From”shouldappear.Needlecentered(+/-4o).4.Select180o.“TO”shouldappear.Need