how to get the poor off our conscience精简课件.ppt

a,1,II.Outlineoftheessay,Part1(para.1-2):Theoldestprojectin“gettingthepooroffourconscience”Part2(para.3-9):5historicalsolutionsPart3(para.10-11):atransitionPart4(para.12-20):5currentdesignsPart5:(para21):conclusion,a,2,6.Whytheauthorchoosessuchatitleasthisessay?,Lookatthefollowingphotos.Millionsandmillionsofpeoplearestrugglingfortheirsurvival,thousandsandthousandsofpeopledieofhunger,coldandillness.WhileMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaretomeettheneedsoftheworldspoorest”,doyouthinktheauthorreallytriestocallpeopletogetthepoorofftheirconscience?,a,3,“Plutarchwasledtosay”impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceoftherichandpoororthelogicofhisanalysisthatmadehimcometosuchaconclusion:IftheRomerepublicsufferedfromthesameproblems2,000yearsago,itprovestheauthorspointthatpovertyisaperpetual(permanent)problem.,a,4,6.Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuinghavebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.:Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor.,a,5,Part2:historicalresearch,para.3Thefirstsolution(next-lifetheory),a,6,4.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?,a,7,No,hedoesnt.Heisbeingironicalhere.Hecallsit“anadmirablesolution”becausenowtherich“getthepoorofftheirconscience”.,a,8,Para.4:Thesecondsolution(utilitarianism),1.TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith,a,9,ItissymbolicthatAdamSmithsmasterpieceofeconomicanalysis,TheWealthofNations,wasfirstpublishedin1776,thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence.Hearguedpassionatelyinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent-integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy,whichcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday.,a,10,4.“Bytheprincipleofutility”“ismeanttheprinciplewhich”:Thenormalwordordershouldbe:utilitarianismismeanttheprinciplewhichprovesbytheprincipleofutility.AccordingtoBentham,theprincipleofutilitarianismmeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.,a,11,5.utilitarianismisageneralphilosophicalidealikeidealism.whichmeansthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Utilitarianismisthemoraldoctrinethatweshouldalwaysacttoproducethegreatestpossiblebalanceofgoodoverhadforeveryoneaffectedbyouraction.,a,12,Consequently,thegreatesthappinessofallconstitutesthestandardthatdetermineswhetheranactionisrightorwrong.Iftheypromotethegreatesthumanwelfareactionsareright,iftheydonotactionsarewrong.,a,13,Para.5:thethirdsolution(poorpeoplesfault),1.ThisisassociatedwiththenameofDavidRicardo,astockbroker,andThomasRobertMalthus,adivine.Stockbroker:apersonwhosejobisbuyingandsellingsharesforthosewithmoney(investor).,a,14,Astockbrokercaneasilyearnbigmoneythroughthecommissionwhichdependsontheamountofmoneytheinvestorinvests,whileitisveryhardfortheinvestortoearnmoneyinthestockmarket,becauseofthehighrisk.,a,15,9.Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirfecundity:Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.,a,16,Para.6:Malthusianism(马尔塞斯人口论),11.therichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration:Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.,a,17,12.However,Malthuswashimselfnotwithoutacertainresponsibility:Heurgedthatasafullyeffectivemethodofbirthcontrol:WhatwarningdidMalthusurgethatthemarriageceremonyshouldcontain?Why?,a,18,14.CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macys,nottheirbedroom:,Itimpliesthatcoupleswillfindtheirpocketsnotthatheavywhiletheylookaroundthemarket,whichwillpushthemtoworkhardformoneyratherthanenjoytheirloveintheirbedroomsforhavingtoomanychildren.ThisstatementridiculesReagansviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.,a,19,Para.7:theforthsolution(SocialDarwinism-survivalofthefittest),a,20,Para.9:thefifthsolution(morevaguedenialofpoverty),1.Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone:PeoplebegantorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposetreasuredvaluesofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.,a,21,Para.(10-11):atransition,18.Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Becauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptionthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.TheSocialSecurityActof1935laidfoundationforthecurrentsocialwelfaresystemoftheUnitedStates.Readerscaneasilysensethattheauthorisfortherevolution.,a,22,19.Whatdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialwelfaremeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?(para.10)Peoplefeltthatthepolicyofignoringthepoorandrefusingassistancehadbeenabandoned.Sincethegovernmentwasmakingeffortstorelievethemiseryofthepoor,theydidnotneedtopayattentiontoanymore.Theywerenotcompletelyright.Thegovernmentdidtakemanymeasures,butthedesiretogetthepooroffourconsciencestilllingeredon,waitingforchancestocomeback.,a,23,.,20.thesearchforawayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencewasnotatanend;itwasonlysuspended:Theoldesthumanexercisesofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehadnotbeenceased.Ithadonlybeenstoppedtemporarily.,a,24,23.Ithasagainbecome,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise:,Searchingthewayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehasagainbecometheoverridingtaskofthosephilosophers,menofletters,andspeechmakers,whichisamoneymakingbusiness.,a,25,Para.12:thefirstdesign,24.design:plan,a,26,27.Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Theargumentis:Mostoftheassistancetothepoorhastobeundertakenbythegovernment,butthegovernmentisinessenceincompetentandineffectiveandwillmakeamessofthejob.Therefore,thegovernmentshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.,a,27,27.Whatistheessenceofthefirstdesign?TheessenceofthefirstdesignistotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmentandtoputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciessincetheNewDeal.,a,28,Para.13:analysisofthefirstdesign,28.Inparagraph12and13,theauthor,onthreeoccasions,mentionsthepentagonornationaldefense.Whydoeshemakethesereferences?,a,29,Theauthorwantstopointouttheironicalfactthatthosepeoplewhoattackthegovernmentorthebureaucracywillnotincludethemilitaryestablishment.Theywantthegovernmenttodolessornothinginsocialwelfarebutmoreon“nationaldefense”.Theauthorishighlycriticalofsuchaview.Heopposeshugemilitaryexpenditures.,a,30,31.Wehavegreatcorporatebureaucracyandandtoiletseats,(Whentheseaberrationsinthepentagon.)Whatisthebasicviewoftheauthor?Onthewhole,theauthorispositiveaboutpublicserviceandgovernmentemployees.HethinksthattheAmericangovernmenthasrecruitedmanytalentedanddedicatedpeople.Hiscriticismisdirectedatthemilitaryestablishment.,a,31,Para.14-15:theseconddesign,Theseconddesignis:Anyformofpublichelptothepoorwillhurtthepoorthemselves.Suchhelpwilldestroypoorpeoplesmotivation,makethemlazyandbreakuptheirmarriages.ThisisanothertypicalargumentputforwardtodaybytheconservativesintheU.S.inthediscussionofsocialwelfarereform.,a,32,35.Doestheauthoragreetotheargument?,No,theauthorthinkstheaccusationsaregroundless.Hefurtherpointsoutthatthosewhosupportthedesignhavenowaytoprovethatthedamageoftheaidtothepoorisgreaterthanthedamagetothemcausedbyalossofpublicassistance.,a,33,Para.16:thethirddesign,39.Thethirddesign:Whenyougivepublicassistancetothepoor,youtakemoneyaway(throughtaxes)fromtherichandgiveit(intheformofpublicassistance)tothepoor.Theresultistherichbecomelesswillingtoworkhardandcreatewealthandthepoorareencouragedtoremainidle.,a,34,40.Theauthorsview:,Theauthorusestworhetoricalquestionstocountertheargument.Heimpliesthatitisnotthecasethatmostpoorpeoplewouldpreferwelfaretopayingjob.Asforcorporateexecutives,theyareworkingveryhard,showingnosignoflackofincentive.Tosaytheyarebeinglazybecausetheyarenotpaidenoughisaninsulttothebusinessexecutives.(theauthorisusingacleverretorthere.),a,35,44.Beliefcanbetheservantoftruthbutevenmoreofconvenience:Beliefcanbeusefulintheresearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenientandself-serving.信念可以是真理的仆人，但更多的情况下，只是一时之需。,a,36,Para.17-18:theforthdesign:,Theforthdesignarguesthattransferringmoneyfromtherichtothepoorthroughthegovernmenthasbadeffectonfreedom.Byfreedom,thedesignersmeanspendingasmuchmoneyasoneseesfitandgivingthegovernmentaslittleaspossible.,a,37,45.Thisispossiblythemosttransparentofallthedesigns:Nomentionisordinarilymadeoftherelationofincometothefreedomofthepoor:,a,38,Theauthorisbeingironicalwhenheusestheword“transparent”.Hemeansitisthemostobviousthatwhenthesepeopletalkaboutfreedomtheyonlyhaveinmindthefreedomoftherich.,a,39,Para.19:thefifthdesign:psychologicaldenial,48.Thisisapsychictendencythatinvariousmanifestationsiscommontousall.Weallhavethetendencytocloseoureyestounpleasantthingsorrefusetothinkaboutthem.Thistendencymaytakedifferentforms.,a,40,Para.20:summary,52.Thesearethemoderndesignsbywhichweescapeconcernforthepoor:Thisisthetopicsentence,servingasasumming-upofthepreviousparagraphsdealingwiththefivedesigns.Itreemphasizesthenatureofthedesigntomakepeopleescapeconcernforthepoor.,a,41,54.RonaldReaganandhiscolleaguesareclearlyinanotabletraditionattheendofalonghistoryofefforttoescaperesponsibilityforonesfellowbeings:,a,42,RonaldReaganandhiscolleaguesarementionedbecausewhentheauthorwrotethisarticle,ReaganandhiscolleagueswasintheWhiteHouse.Inthe1980s,duringReaganstime,conservatismprevailedandsupply-sideeconomicswasdominant.AftertheGreatSocietyinthe1960s,socialwelfaresystemsufferedthefirstsetbackundertheReaganAdministration.Acontractionissocialwelfaresetin.Hencetheauthorremarkedironically.,a,43,55.thatthepoormusthavethecruelspuroftheirownsufferingtoensureeffort:onlywhenthepoorsufferfromgreatmiserywilltheybestimulatedtomakegreateffortstochangetheirsituation.Inotherwords,sufferingisnecessarytoforcethepoortoworkhard.,a,44,Para.21:conclusion,Inthelastpart,theauthorsubtlypointsoutthatpublicassistance