电气工程专业外教语学1

专业外语,南京工程学院电力系蒋志平,2006年2月,英译中,中译英,词汇,ApplicationBreakerpolepositiondiscordancecanoccurontheoperationofabreakerwithindependentoperatinggearsforthethreepoles.Thereasonmaybeaninterruptionintheclosingortripcoilcircuit,oramechanicalfailureresultinginastuck(卡住的，不能动的)breakerpole.Apolediscordancecanbetoleratedforalimitedtime,forinstanceduringasingle-phasetrip-reclosecycle.Thepolediscordancefunctiondetectsabreakerpolediscordancynotgeneratedbyauto-reclosecycleandissuesatripsignalforthecircuitbreaker.,1.Polediscordanceprotection(PD),三相不一致保护（PD）,应用在操作有三相独立操作机构的断路器时，可能会发生断路器位置不一致的情况，可能是由于跳闸线圈回路断线，或是由于机械原因使断路器某一极被卡住。三相不一致可以容许在有限的时间内，例如在单相跳合闸周期内。三相不一致功能检测自动重合闸周期之外产生的断路器三相不一致，并向断路器发出跳闸信号。,FunctionalityTheoperationofthepolediscordancelogic,PD,itbasedoncheckingthepositionofthebreakerauxiliarycontacts.Threeparallelnormallyopencontactsinserieswiththreenormallyclosedcontactsinparalleloftherespectivebreakerpolesformaconditionofpolediscordance,connectedtoabinarydedicatedforthepurpose.Inaddition,thereisanautomaticdetectioncriterionbasedoncomparisonofcurrentsinthebreakerpoles.Thisfunctionisenabledforjustafewsecondsaftercloseortripcommandstothebreakerinordertoavoidunwantedoperationinunsymmetricalloadconditions.,1.Polediscordanceprotection(PD),三相不一致保护（PD）,功能特性三相不一致逻辑PD动作基于检查断路器的辅接点位置，由断路器每相的三个常开并辅接点与三个常闭并辅接点串联构成三相不一致检查条件，然后与专用的开关量输入回路相连。另外，有一个自动检测断路器电流的电路，该功能在合闸或跳闸几秒钟后投入，以避免不对称负荷时造成非预期的操作。,2.Breakerfailureprotection,ApplicationInmanyprotectionapplicationslocalredundancy(冗余)isused.Onepartofthefaultclearancesystemishoweverneverduplicated,namelythecircuitbreaker.Thereforeabreakerfailureprotectioncanbeused.Thebreakerfailureprotectionisinitiatedbytripsignalsfromdifferentprotectionfunctionswithinoroutsidetheprotectionterminal.Whenatripsignalissenttothebreakerfailureprotectionfist,withnooraveryshortdelay,are-tripsignalcanbesenttotheprotectedbreaker.Iffaultcurrentisflowingthroughthebreakerstillafterasettingtimeaback-uptripsignalissenttotheadjacentbreakers.Thiswillensurefaultclearancealsoifthecircuitbreakerisoutoforder.,断路器失灵保护（BFP）,应用在有多个保护时，采用就地冗余，但是却有一部分故障消除系统从不双重化，即断路器，因此要使用断路器失灵保护。断路器失灵保护由保护终端内外不同保护功能的跳闸信号起动。当跳闸信号送到断路器失灵保护时，先不经延时或经很短的延时向保护断路器发重跳信号。如果经一整定时间后断路器仍流过故障电流，则向相邻的断路器发一个后备跳闸信号，这样即使断路器故障时也能保证清除故障。,2.Breakerfailureprotection,DesignThebreakerfailureprotectionfunctionisinitiatedbythetripcommandsfromprotectionfunctionsplacedeitherinsidethesameterminalorexternally,byconnectiontoappropriatebinaryinputs.Adedicatedinputisavailableforgeneralstarting.Threeseparatefunctionalinputsarealsoavailableforsingle-phasestarting.Theoperatevalueofthephasesegregatedcurrentmeasuringelementsissettablewithinawiderange.Threeindependenttimerst2areavailableforphasesegregatedbreakerfailuredetection.,断路器失灵保护（BFP）,设计断路器失灵保护功能由同一终端内的保护装置或通过适当的开关量输入装置的外部保护装置的跳闸命令起动。可以有三个独立的功能输入用于单相起动，也有一个专门的输入用于三相起动。分相电流测量元件的动作值可以在很宽的范围内设定，对分相断路器失灵检测，可以有三个独立的定时器t2。,2.Breakerfailureprotection,Anadditionaltimert1forretripcommandisavailable.Dedicatedsettingallowstoenableordisabletheretriportoperformitbycurrentcheckornot.Retriptothefaultycircuitbreakercanbeissuedsinglephaseorthreephases.Specialadaptivealgorithm(ASD),togetherwithRMSmeasurement,allowafastresettingtimeofthecurrentmeasuringelements.Thecurrentmeasurementisstabilizedagainsttransientswhichcancauseunwantedoperationwithsaturatedcurrenttransformers.,断路器失灵保护（BFP）,重跳命令需要带一个附加的延时t1。有一个专用的整定值用于开放或不开放重跳闸，或确定进行重跳或者是否将经过电流检测。重跳故障断路器可以发单相跳令或三相跳令。特殊的自适应算法（ASD-）同RMS有效值测量一道使用，可快速复归电流测量元件的时间，电流测量元件可对由于电流互感器饱和可能会引起误动作的暂态过程进行制动。,3.Distanceprotection(ZM),ApplicationTheZMdistanceprotectionfunctionprovidesfastandreliableprotectionforoverheadlinesandpowercablesinallkindsofpowernetworks.Foreachindependentdistanceprotectionzone,fullschemedesignprovidescontinuousmeasurementofimpedanceseparatelyinthreeindependentphase-to-phasemeasuringloopsaswellasinthreeindependentphase-to-earthmeasuringloops.Phase-to-phasedistanceprotectionissuitableasabasicprotectionfunctionagainsttwo-andthree-phasesfaultsinallkindsofnetworks,regardlessofthetreatmentoftheneutralpoint.Independentsettingofthereachinthereactiveandtheresistivedirectionforeachzoneseparately,makesitpossibletocreatefastandselectiveshortcircuitprotectioninpowersystems.,距离保护（ZM）,ZM距离保护功能对各种电网中的架空线路及电力电缆提供快速、可靠的保护。对每一独立的距离段，全方案设计对三个独立的相相测量回路及3个独立的相地测量回路分别提供连续测量。相相距离保护适于不考虑中性点处理方式的名种电网中，作为两相故障、三相故障的基本保护功能。对每一段分别在电抗、电阻方向上的独立整定使其作为电力系统中快速、有选择性的短路保护。,3.Distanceprotection(ZM),Phase-to-earthdistanceprotectionservesasbasicearthfaultprotectioninnetworkswithdirectlyorlowimpedanceearthednetworks.Togetherwithanindependentphasepreferencelogic,italsoservesasselectiveprotectionfunctionatcross-countryfaultsinisolatedorresonantlyearthednetworks.Independentreactivereachsettingforphase-to-phaseandforphase-to-earthmeasurementsecureshighselectivityinnetworkswithdifferentprotectiverelaysusedforshortcircuitandearth-faultprotection.,距离保护（ZM）,相地距离保护在直接接地或低阻抗接地网络中可作为基本的接地保护功能，加上一个独立的选相逻辑，也可作为隔离接地或谐振接地网络中跨区域故障的选择性保护功能。在用不同保护继电器对短路及接地故障进行保护的电网中，相间及相地测量有独立的电抗设定范围，以保证距离保护有较高的选择性。,3.Distanceprotection(ZM),Thedistanceprotectionzonescanoperate,independentlyofeachother,indirectional(forwardorreverse)ornon-directionalmode.Thismakesitsuitable,togetherwithdifferentcommunicationschemes,fortheprotectionofpowerlinesandcablesincomplexnetworkconfigurations,suchasdouble-circuit,parallellines,multiterminallines,etc.Zone1,2and3canissuephaseselectivesignals,suchasstartandtrip.Basicdistanceprotectionfunctionisgenerallysuitableforuseinnon-compensatednetworks.Aspecialadditiontothebasicfunctionsisavailableoptionallyforuseonseriescompensatedandadjacentlineswherevoltagereversalsmightdisturbthecorrectdirectionaldiscriminationofabasicdistanceprotection.,距离保护（ZM）,距离保护段可以带方向模式（正方向或反方向）或不带方向模式，彼此独立地动作，对复杂网络结构的电力线路、电缆线路的保护，如双回线、平行线、多端线等，这种特性与不同的通信方案组合在一起使其适宜上述情形。1段、2段、3段可以发选相信号，如起动、跳闸信号。基本距离保护功能通常适用于用在非补偿网络中。也可有一个可选的特殊附加功能，当电压反向使基本距离保护功能不能正确区分串补线路及串补相邻线路的方向时，作为补充功能。,4.Phaseselectionlogic(PHS),ApplicationThePHSisanindependentmeasuringfunction.Itcomprisesbothimpedanceandcurrent-basedmeasurementcriteria.Itsmainpurposeistoaugmentthephaseselectivityofthecompletedistanceprotectioninnetworkswithlongandheavilyloadedlines.Itisgenerallyintendedforuseindirectlyearthednetworks,wherecorrectandreliablephaseselectionforsingle-phasefaults,combinedwithsingle-poletrippingandautomaticreclosing,securesthestabilityofcompletepowersystems.,选相逻辑（PHS）,PHS选相逻辑功能为一独立的测量功能，它由阻抗测量判别与电流测量判别组成。主要用于加强长线路重负荷线路网络中整个距离保护的选相性能，常用于直接接地的网络中。在这样的网络中，单相接地故障的正确可靠选相，与单相跳闸、自动重合闸组合在一起保证整个系统的稳定。,4.Phaseselectionlogic(PHS),Theindependentmeasurementofimpedanceinallfaultloopssecuresahighdegreeofphaseselectivityincomplexnetworks.Thisindependentphaseselection,combinedwithdirectionalmeasurementforeachfaultloop,alsosecuresselectiveoperationforsimultaneousclose-infaultsonparallelcircuits.Independentreactivereachsettingsforphase-to-phaseandphase-to-earthmeasurementsecureshighselectivityinnetworkswithdifferentprotectiverelaysusedforshort-circuitandearth-faultprotection.,选相逻辑（PHS）,六个故障回路的独立阻抗测量保证对复杂网络有高度的选相特性。独立的选相与每个故障回路的方向测量组合在一起，也确保平行线近端同时故障有选择性地动作。对相相、相地测量，独立的电抗范围整定也保证用作网络中短路故障、接地故障的不同保护继电器有高度的选相特性。,Autorecloser(AR),Themajorityofpowerlinefaultsaretransientinnature,i.e.theydonotrecurwhenthelineisre-energizedfollowingdisconnection.ThemainpurposeoftheARautomaticreclosingfunctionistoautomaticallyreturnpowerlinestoservicefollowingtheirdisconnectionforfaultconditions.Tomeetthedifferentsingle,doubleor1andcircuitbreakerarrangements,one,two,three,orsixidenticalARfunctionblocksmaybeprovidedwithinasingleterminal.Theactualnumberofthesefunctionblocksthatmaybeincludedwithinanygiventerminaldependsonthetypeofterminal.Therefore,thespecificcircuitbreakerarrangementsthatcanbecateredfor,orthenumberofbaysofaspecificarrangementthatcanbecateredfor,dependsonthetypeofterminal.Especiallyathighervoltages,themajorityoflinefaultsaresingle-phase-to-earth.Faultsinvolvingallthreephasesarerare.Themainpurposeofthesingle-andtwo-poleautomaticreclosingfunction,operatinginconjunctionwithasingle-andtwo-poletrippingcapability,istolimittheeffecttothesystemoffaultsinvolvinglessthanallthreephases.Thisisparticularlyvaluableformaintainingsystemstabilityinsystemstabilityinsystemswithlimitedmeshingorparallelrouting.,自动重合闸（AR）,大多数线路故障本身都是瞬时性的，即当线路被断开后重新加电时，故障不会重发。自动重合闸功能AR的主要用途是在线路发生故障跳闸断开后使电力线路自动恢复运行。为满足单母线、双母线，3/2断路器接线方式，在一个保护终端内可以有一个、两个、三个或六个相同的AR功能块。某一终端内实际AR功能块数量与终端的类型有关。因此，不同的终端类型可以适应特定的断路器布置方式、适应特定接线方式中不同的间隔数。尤其对高压系统，大多数线路故障为单相接地故障，三相短路很少。单相、两相自动重合闸功能与单相、两相跳闸相配合，主要作用是降低非三相的故障对系统影响。这一点对保持有限线路联络的网状形或平行线连接的系统的稳定特别有利。,电力系统专业英语词汇1,电力系统powersystem发电机generator电动机motor励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step-uptransformer降压变压器step-downtransformer档位：tapposition空载损耗：no-loadloss空载电流：no-loadcurrent有功损耗：activepowerloss无功损耗：reactivepowerloss铁损ironloss铜损copperloss输电系统powertransmissionsystem输电线transmissionline配电系统Powerdistributionsystem高压:highvoltage低压：lowvoltage中压：middlevoltage高压侧highside,电力系统专业英语词汇2,稳定stability功角稳定anglestability电压稳定voltagestability暂态稳定transientstability静态稳定steadystability电厂powerplant能量输送powertransfer交流AC(alternatingcurrent)直流DC(directcurrent)电网powergrid落点droppoint开关站switchstation调节regulation高压并联电抗器highvoltageshuntreactor并列的：apposable裕度margin故障fault三相故障threephasefault分接头：tap切机generatortripping高顶值highlimitedvalue静态static(state)动态dynamic(state)机端电压控制AVR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角powerangle有功（功率）activepower,电力系统专业英语词汇3,电容器capacitor电抗器reactor断路器breaker电动机：motor功率因数：power-factor定子：stator功角power-angle转子：rotor电压等级voltagegrade有功负载:activeload无功负载：reactiveload阻抗impedance电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance,电力系统专业英语词汇4,上限:upperlimit下限：lowerlimit正序阻抗：positivesequenceimpedance负序阻抗：negativesequenceimpedance零序阻抗：zerosequenceimpedance无功（功率）reactivepower功率因数powerfactor无功电流reactivecurrent斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值referencevalue电压互感器PT电流互感器CT,电力系统专业英语词汇5,仿真分析simulationanalysis传递函数transferfunction框图blockdiagram受电端receive-side送电端sending-side同步synchronization异步asynchronization摇摆swing阻尼damping无刷直流电机：BrushlessDCmotor机端generatorterminal断路器circuitbreaker刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator（disconnector）接地刀闸earthingdisconnector,电力系统专业英语词汇6,变电站transformersubstation永磁同步电机：Permanent-magnetSynchronismMotor异步电机：AsynchronousMotor三绕组变压器：three-columntransformer双绕组变压器：double-columntransformer固定串联电容补偿fixedseriescapacitorcompensation双回同杆并架double-circuitlinesonthesametower单机无穷大系统onemachine-infinitybussystem,电力系统专业英语词汇7,励磁电流：magnetizingcurrent电磁场Electromagneticfields失去同步lossofsynchronization装机容量installedcapacity无功补偿reactivepowercompensation并联电容器：shuntcapacitor线路补偿器linedropcompensation补偿度degreeofcompensation故障切除时间faultclearingtime极限切除时间criticalclearingtime强行励磁reinforcedexcitation下降特性droopcharacteristics下降率drooprate,电力系统专业英语词汇8,电机学ElectricalMachinery自动控制理论AutomaticControlTheory电磁场ElectromagneticField微机原理PrincipleofMicrocomputer电工学Electrotechnics电路原理Principleofcircuits,电力系统专业英语词汇9,电力系统稳态分析Steady-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem电力系统暂态分析Transient-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem电力系统继电保护原理PrincipleofPowerSystemsRelayProtection电力系统元件保护原理ProtectionPrincipleofPowerSystemsElement电力系统内部过电压PastVoltagewithinPowersystem模拟电子技术基础BasisofAnalogueElectronicTechnique数字电子技术DigitalElectronicTechnique,电力系统专业英语词汇10,电路原理实验Lab.ofprincipleofcircuits电气工程讲座Lecturesonelectricalpowerproduction电力电子基础Basicfundamentalsofpowerelectronics高电压工程Highvoltageengineering电子专题实践Topicsonexperimentalprojectofelectronics电气工程概论Introductiontoelectricalengineering电子电机集成系统electronicmachinesystem电力传动与控制ElectricalDriveandControl电力系统继电保护PowerSystemRelayingProtection,电力系统专业英语词汇11,Electricpowersystem(电力系统)generator(发电机),generation(发电),generatingunit(发电机组)thermalunits,hydrounits,boiler,turbine,turbine-generatorgeneratingreservecapacity(发电备用容量),transformer(变压器),tap-changing,phase-shiftingstart-and-stand-byauxiliarytransformer(起/备变)transducer(变送器),CT(transformer),PT(potentialtransformer)DC(directcurrent),AC(alternatingcurrent)three-phaseacsystem(三相交流系统),voltage,current,frequency,phaseangle,power(功率)nominalvalue(标称值),rating(额定值),perunitvalueHV(highvoltage),EHV(extra-highvoltage)transmissionsystem(输电系统),distributionsystem(配电系统)asynchronousmotor(),synchronousmotor/machinebus,feeder,undergroundcable,excitationsystem(励磁系统),fieldcurrent(励磁电流),primemoverfieldwinding(励磁绕组),rotor(),stator(),resistance(电阻),resistor,capacitance(电容),capacitorreactance(电抗),reactor,conductance(电导),conductor(导体)susceptance(电纳B),impedance(阻抗),admittance(导纳),synchronouscondenser(同步调相机),SVC(staticvarcompensator)variable(变量),function(函数),constrain(约束),equationdisturbance(),overload(过载),outage(停电),blackoutshifting(切换),securitydispatch(安全调度)generatortripping(切机),loadcurtailment(削减负荷),loadshedding(甩负荷)dynamicperformance(动态特性)planning,design,andoperationofpowersystempowersystemoperatingstates,电力系统专业英语词汇12,电力系统专业英语词汇13,SCADA(SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition)stateestimation(状态估计)reliability,stabilityreclosingfacilitypermanentphase-to-groundfault,circuitbreaker(断路器),disconnectingswitch(隔离开关)electromechanicaloscillation(机电振荡)rotatingmagneticfield(旋转磁场)mechanicaltorque/power(机械转矩),electricaltorque/powerdampingtorque(阻尼转矩)automaticvoltageregulator(自动电压调节)activepower,reactivepowerpowerflow,loadflow,powerfactorunderloadtap-changing(ULTC)有载调节分接头reactivepowercompensation(无功补偿),电力系统专业英语词汇14,magnitude(幅值)short-termortransient:0to10secondsmid-term:10secondst0afewminuteslong-term:afewminutesto10sofminutesAGC(automaticgenerationcontrol)protection,relaying,relaytransformersaturation(饱和)coordinationofcontrolandprotectionequipmentnonlineartimedomainres