现代家禽育种的组织与管理

家禽育种的组织与管理,家禽育种的组织与计划家禽育种的实施和管理家禽育种记录现代无纸记录系统,家禽育种的组织与计划,提出明确的育种目标确定育种目标的基本原则：适应国民经济的需要和当地的实际条件。育种既需以生产为基础，又应走在生产的前面一步，不能孤立进行，也不能延迟落后。,家禽育种的组织与计划,建立和健全育种组织机构行政系统的组织：一般按地区划分工作范围。工作内容：家禽的合理布局和品种的区域规划。要考虑的问题：家禽的适应性、饲料来源、市场销售。,技术系统的组织：基本没有地区范围的限制，以品种选育、繁殖和推广为纽带。工作对象：特定的禽种和品种。工作内容：按建立和健全繁育体系的技术要求，与有关教学、科研、生产、经营、技术行政部门以合同关系合作或协作。拟订较长远的育种规划基本要求：对家禽育种工作的历史和现状进行调查研究和分析，总结过去的优缺点和经验教训，针对存在的问题拟订今后要采取的措施。,制定切实可行的育种计划（1）育种的目标和任务（2）育种的材料和方法（3）育种的场所和条件（4）育种的主持者、参加者和协作者,家禽育种的实施和管理,整群编号1、整群A、了解和分析禽群的现有情况B、按育种计划适当调整禽只的分布，按生产流程安排于适当的栏舍中饲养。群体划分:按育种方法：核心群、基本群、淘汰群按育种阶段：已鉴定群、续鉴定群、初鉴定群,2、编号：对个体进行编号是识别个体最简单、最有效的方法；一个统一、规范的编号系统是准确迅速地识别家禽个体的基本保证。临时性编号：是标记在家禽身上的号码，也可写在临时性记录中，一般仅限于场内或年度内使用。永久性编号：是写在永久性记录中的号码，它除了用于标识每一记录对应的个体外，也用于品种登记，故也称登记号，通常在某一地区甚至全国范围内使用。,个体编号的基本原则：唯一性：每个号码对应一个个体，要保证在该号码所适用的范围内没有重号；有明确含义：为了管理方便，每个号码都应有明确的含义，如对临时性编号，通常可用群内某一年内个体顺序号；简洁易读：在保证唯一性的前提下，个体编号应尽量简单明了，不要试图将个体的所有信息都包含在个体号中而将号码编得太长；同时要注意避免使用一些特殊符号以便于计算机录入和计算。,家禽编号方法：对鸡可使用翅号、脚号和肩号三种方法进行编号。鸭、鹅还可使用脚蹼穿洞的方法进行编号。翅号用于出壳雏禽绒羽干后，佩带在禽体右侧尺骨和桡骨前侧翅膜上。脚号和肩号均用于成年种禽，前者带在左胫上，后者带在右肩上。翅号、脚号和肩号最好都有年度、品种、品系或家系的代号及本身的号码。电子标记：电子标记是近年来发展的一种新的标记方法，它是将一种体积很小、携带有个体编号信息的电子装置如电子脉冲转发器，固定在家禽的某个部位，它所发出的信息可用特殊的仪器接收和处理。,Poultrybreedingrecords,Purposeofbreedingrecords:Thepurposeofbreedingrecordsshouldbetoansweratleastfourquestionsregardinganyindividualbirdwhichhaseverbeenmated.First,whoareitsancestorsandwhathasbeentheirbreedingandproductiveperformance?Second,whoareitsbrothersandsisters,and,iftheinformationisavailable,whathavebeentheirbreedingandproductiveperformances?,Third,withwhatindividualorindividualsisitatpresentmated,orhasitbeenmatedinthepast?Fourth,whatweretheresultsofthesematings?Thefirstquestionisconcernedwithprecedinggenerations,thesecondandthirdconsidertheindividualsowngeneration,whilethefourthlooksforwardintothenextsucceedinggeneration.,RecordofancestralpairsTheservicemostcommonlyassociatedwithbreedingrecordsconcernthesuccessivematingsofanygivenindividual;thatis,toeasilyandaccuratelytraceitspedigree.Itiscustomarytolookuponapedigreeasalistofancestralindividuals.Emphasisshouldbegiventothefactthatapedigreeisarecordofancestral-thatis,parental-pairsrunningbackthroughprecedinggenerations.Inconsideringagivencockerelorpulletasapossiblebreeder,aknowledgeofthebreedingperformanceofeachancestralpair,aswellastheproductiveperformanceofeachancestralfemale,isamatteroffirstimportance.,Sibrecord.Itmakesconsiderabledifferenceinitsprobablevalueasabreederwhetheragivenbirdistheoneoutstandingproductofitsparents,orwhetheritissimplyoneamongseveralalmostequallygoodbrothersandsisters.Unfortunately,asinglegreatperformance,oranindividualshowbirdofunusualexcellence,maymeanlittleinthelineofbreedingprogress,butthechancesgreatlyfavorthebirdwithnumerousbrothersorsistersnearlyorquiteasgoodashe.Agoodsystemofrecordswillnotonlyshow,butshouldalsocallattentiontoanindividualsbrothersandsisters.,RecordofmatingsTheproperpairingofbirdsisthefoundationofthebreedersartandthebasisofimprovementthroughbreeding.Thebreedingunitisthepair.Duringanygivenbreedingseasonapromisingmaleusuallywillbematedorpairedwithseveralfemales.Andinsuccessiveseasonsagivenfemalemaybematedwithmorethanonemale.Inordertogiveproperconsiderationtothepairingofbirdsduringagivenseason,oneshouldbeinapositiontogiveintensivestudy,inthecaseofallindividualspreviouslybred,totheresultsofformermatings.Inordertodothistheremustobviouslybeavailablealistorrecordofallmatings.,Progenyrecord.Incontemplatingapairofbirdsaspossibleparents,aconsiderationoftheirindividuality,theirancestry,theirsibs,andpreviousmatesareofthegreatestimportance.Uponthemhopesarebuilt,butpredictionsareuncertain.Thereisbutonesurebasisofjudgingabirdsbreedingvaluefromthestandpointofheredity,andthatitisthebreedingofit.Afteragivenpairhasbeenmated,andprogenygottenandgrown,reallyaccuratejudgmentscanbeformed.Thetestofefficientmatingisthecharacteroftheprogeny.,Assuggestedabove,theprogenytest,fromthestandpointofaparentalpair,isalookforwardintothenextgeneration,asthestudyofthepedigreeisalookbackintopastgenerations,andofsibsandmatesasurveyofthecontemporarygeneration.Thisforwardlookgivessounderandmoredependableinformationthantheothertwocombined.Thefourthservicewhichbreedingrecordsshouldgive,therefore,istoshowtheprogenyofanypairinagroupsothattheymaybereadilyavailableforstudy.,临时性记录手工记录:根据育种方案事先设计好一些统一、规范的记录表格，将测定结果直接填入表格中。自动记录（无纸记录）：采用特定的电子设备进行自动记录。自动记录系统一般由计算机、佩带在动物个体身上或固定在个体笼位上的含有个体标号的电子标记（如磁卡、条形码、脉冲转发器等），该电子标记的阅读器和计算机软件组成。永久性记录：无论是手工记录还是自动记录得到的临时性记录都要经过处理，将需要长期保存的信息转成永久性记录长期保存，供育种分析使用。永久性记录一般都用某种数据库的形式在计算机的外部存储设备（硬盘、软盘或光盘等）种保存。为了便于这些记录的录入、管理、编辑、查询和有效利用，还可使用一些专门设计的计算机管理和分析软件。,Breedingrecordsandbreedingpractice,Inbreedingpracticethemanagementalunitisthepen,thebreedingunitisthepair.Theincubatingunitisdeterminedbythesizeoftheincubatortray,andthetimeunitinvolvedisusuallyonebreedingseason.Economicconsiderationsgenerallyprecludethematingofasmanymalesasfemales,andonemaleisusuallypennedwithseveralfemales,thusconstitutingabreedingpen.Whilepenrecordsareconsiderablybetterthannorecordsandgivesomeinformationregardingthebreedingperformanceofthemales,providingalwaysthatbutonemaleisusedinapen,theydonotgivetheinformationnecessaryforthebestprogress,or,insomecases,eventhemaintenanceofahighlevelofexcellence.,Fromthestandpointofbreeding,apenisagroupofmatingsorpairs,withthemaleamemberofeachpair.Thebreederssearch,withthehelpofprogenyrecords,isforfortunatelymatedpairs,andwhenthesearediscoveredthereisareallyfairlyfirmfoundationonwhichtobuild.Itisnecessarytotrapnestallmatedfemalesduringthebreedingseason,sothatthemotherofeacheggmaybeidentified,andofmarkingtheeggsothattheidentificationmaybepreserved.,Itisinturnnecessarytosortouttheeggsofeachfemalebeforehatching,andarrangemeansofidentifyingeachchickthathatcheswithitsdam,whichalsoidentifiesitwithitssirethroughtherecordofmatings.Eachstepinthisseriesofoperationsmustbeamatterofrecordifthewholepurposeoftherecordistobeserved.Afurtherconsiderationinbreedingpracticeisthefactthatmatingsareusuallymadeforanentireseason.,Becauseofthegreatdesirabilityofsettingeggssoonafterbeinglaid,theprogenyofanyonepairdoesnotappearasasingleseasonallitterasinthecaseofswine,butarehatchedperiodicallythroughouttheseason.Thusfullbrothersandsistersofasingleseasonmayhavevaryinghatchingdates,andindividualshatchedononedatearelikely,becauseatdifferentstagesofmaturity,tobemoredesirableasbreedersthefollowingseasonthanthosehatchedatsomeotherdate.Itis,therefore,highlydesirabletomakethedatesofhatchingapartoftherecord.,Stepsinacompletebreedingrecord,Therearefiveessentialstepsintheyearlycycleofkeepingacompleteflockbreedingrecordwhichwillfurnishtheinformationdiscussedabove.Theseare:Therecordingofeachmatingmade;Makingarecordofeachbreedingmalespedigreeandprogeny;Makingarecordofeachbreedingfemalespedigree,production,andprogeny;Markingeacheggofeachbreedingfemaleasitislaid,andpedigreehatchingit;Markingandrecordingthechicksathatchinginsuchawayastoidentifythemwiththeirparents,Recordofmatings,Inordertomakearecordofmatings,theindividualbreedersmustbemarked.Thematingrecorditselfissimplyalistofthebirdsinanygivenbreedingpen,andismostusefulforfuturereference.Aconvenientformforkeepingtherecordofasinglematingisdesigned.Thereversesideoftheformisthefirstpageofthe“ProgenyandSibRecord”ofthatpen.Thisrecordwillbediscussedlater.,Recordofmatings,Siresrecord,Thesiresrecordshouldfurnishatleastthreesortsofinformation:(1)hisancestry(orpedigree);(2)hisprogeny;(3)notesonhisindividualityandbreedingperformance.,Aconvenientblankformforthepedigreeisshowninfigure3.Itiswelltogivehiswing-bandnumberaswellashisleg-bandnumber,asshownintheupperright-handcorner.Thebreedofwhichagivenindividualisarepresentativeshouldalwaysbeindicatedonthepedigreeofanybirdsold,anditisgoodpracticetohaveitonallpedigrees.Thepedigreeofamaleusedasabreedershouldbecompletelyrecordedforatleastfourgenerationsbackifpossible.,Whenthedaughtersmatureandareleg-banded,theirnumbersmaybelistedinnumericalorderinthespacesprovidedonthereversesideofthe“SiresRecord”.Theeggrecordsoftherespectivedaughtersareenteredlaterastheyarecompleted.,Damsrecord,Thedamsrecordshouldfurnishthesameinformationconcerningeachfemaleasdoesthesiresrecord,andinadditiongiveherproductionrecord.Theblankformforthepurposeconsistofan“IndividualEggRecord”asshowninfigure5,withspacesforherancestralrecords,herdaughtersrecords,andforfurthernotesonthereversesideasshowninfigure6.The“IndividualEggRecord”givesanopportunitytoseeandstudyawholeyearsproductionwithitscyclesandpausesandistobeurgedinplaceofsimplykeepingmonthlyandyearlytotals.Afurthersheetisneededforeachsucceedingyearsproduction.,Damsrecord,Pedigreehatching,Ontheeighteenthdaytheeggsofeachmatedfemaleareallputinaseparatesack,smalltray,orwirebasket,soarrangedthatthechickscannotescapeafterhatchingandcanbeidentifiedwiththeirmotherbythenumbersontheshells.Insoincubatingeggsthatthechicksoutofeachhenmaybeidentified.Thereasonforthisisthataproportionofthefertileeggswhichdieduringtheperiodofincubation.Nodeadeggsshouldbelefttobecarriedthroughthepedigreehatchingprocess.,Hatchingrecord,Therecordofagivenfemalesperformanceasabreederisquiteincompleteunlessitincludesherhatchingrecord.Sterilityoratendencytowardsterilityonthepartofamalewillusuallybenoticedbecauseitaffectsthehatchingrecordofawholebreedingpen.Butlowhatchingpoweroftheeggsofanindividualfemalearelikelytogounnoticedunlesstherelationshipbetweenthenumberofeggssetfromeachindividualandthenumberofchickshatchedduringanentireseasonisamatterofrecord.Aconvenientblankformforkeepingsucharecordisshowninfigure14.,Markingandrecordingthechicks,Afterthehatchisover,thenextstepistomarkthechicks.Thisisdonebyasmallnumberedbandplacedonthelegorinthewing.Usuallywhenlegbandingispracticed,thebandislaterchangedfromthelegtothewing,whereitremainsduringthelifeofthebird.Atthetimethechickisbandedthenumberonthebandshouldberecordedwithitsmatingnumber.Ifthechicksarerecordedbym