水化学AnalysisofWaterChemistry

AnalysisofWaterChemistry,UrbanStreamRestorationProject,By:BobSmith7=neutral;8-14=baseIdealforfish=6.58.2Idealforalgae=7.58.4Acidwatersmaketoxicchemicals(Al,Pb,Hg)moretoxicthannormal,andaltertrophicstructure(fewplants,algae),Turbidity,MeasuresthecloudinessofthewaterTurbiditycausedbyplankton,chemicals,silt,etc.Mostcommoncausesofexcessturbidityareplanktonandsoilerosion(duetologging,mining,farming,construction),Turbidity,continued,ExcessTurbiditycanbeaproblem:LightcantpenetratethroughthewaterphotosynthesismaybereducedorevenstopalgaecandieTurbiditycancloggillsoffishandshellfishcanbefatalFishcannotseetofindfood,butcanhidebetterfrompredators,Phosphorus(Reactive),IsnecessaryforplantandanimalgrowthNaturalsource=phosphate-containingrocksAnthropogenicsource=fertilizerandpesticiderunofffromfarmingCanstimulatealgalgrowth/bloom,Nitrates,Formedbytheprocessofnitrification(additionofO2toNH3bybacteria)UsedbyplantsandalgaeIsmildlytoxic,fatalathighdosesLargeamounts(leakingsewerpipes,fertilizerrunoff,etc.)canleadtoalgalblooms,whichcanaltercommunitystructure,trophicinteractionsandDOregimes)Below90mg/Lseemstohavenoeffectonwarmwaterfish,butcoldwaterfisharesensitive,Alkalinity,AmeasureofthesubstancesinwaterthatcanneutralizeacidandresistchangesinpHNaturalsource=rocksIdealwaterforfishandaquaticorganismshasatotalalkalinityof100-120mg/LGroundwaterhashigheralkalinitythansurfacewater,Hardness,TheamountofCalciumandMagnesiuminthewater(thetwomineralsmostlyresponsible)Naturalsource=rocksLimestone=hardwater,granite=nothardwater,Hardness,continued,Softwatercanbeaproblem:insoftwater,heavymetalsaremorepoisonous,somechemicalsaremoretoxic,drinkingsoftwateroverlongperiodscanincreasechanceofheartattack060=softwater61-120=moderatelyhardwater121-180=hardwater181+=veryhardwaterHardnessandalkalinityarerelated,Outline,WaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2003ResultsComparisonto2002Conclusions,PhysicalEffectsofUrbanizationRelatedtoWaterChemistry,RiparianVegetationRemovalDecreasedGroundwaterRechargeHeatIslandEffectIncreasedSurfaceRunoff/ImperviousSurfacesLeakyStorm-water/SewagePipesPointSourcePollution,TrendsinWaterChemistry,TemperatureincreasesNitrateincreasesPhosphorusincreasesConductivityincreases(Increasedionconcentration)O2demandincreases,Outline,WaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2003ResultsComparisonto2002Conclusions,FieldMeasurements,DissolvedOxygenTemperatureConductivitypH,WaterCollectionForLaboratoryAnalysis,GrabSamplesThreereplicates(frommultiplesamples)Measuredwithin24hours(fewexceptions),PictureSource:http:/www.ci.gresham.or.us/departments/des/stormwater/water_quality.htm,LaboratoryAnalysis,NitrateReactivePhosphorusAlkalinityHardnessTurbidity,Outline,ChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemistryMeasurementsandTheoryMethods2003ResultsComparisonto2002Conclusions,FieldMeasurements2003,Turbidity,Allvaluesfor20035wasduringastormevent,ReactivePhosphorus2003,Nitrate2003,Alkalinity2003,Hardness2003,Outline,ChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemistryMeasurementsandTheoryMethods2003ResultsComparisonto2002Conclusions,FieldMeasurementPB,FieldMeasurementForSAL,PaintBranch,StewartAprilLane,Outline,ChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemistryMeasurementsandTheoryMethods2003ResultsComparisonto2002Conclusions,BetweenSiteDifferencesLanduseincreasedrunoffcauseincreasedinputofparticularconstituentsNaturalsitevariationSubstratetypeBetweenYearsIncreasedsnowcausedmorerunoffincreaseduseofroad-saltDrought(temperature,DO),“.Riversandtheinhabitantsofthewater