reading strategy 阅读策略

ReadingStrategy,DuanLifu,ReadingStrategy,DuanLifu,Contents,1.BackgroundInformation,2.FourReadingModels,3.ThreeKindsofReadingStrategies,4.ReadingProcess,Pritchard(1990)definesastrategyasadeliberateactionthatreaderstakevoluntarilytodevelopanunderstandingofwhattheyread.Kellerman(1983)definesastrategyasa“wellorganizedapproachtoaproblem”.Olshavsky(1977)claimsthatastrategyisapurposefulmeansofcomprehendingtheauthorsmessage.,1.1Whatisreadingstrategy?,1.2Theimportanceofusingstrategy,Ifareaderknowshow,whenandwheretouseanappropriatestrategy,thiswouldhelphimtoimprovereadingcomprehension.Strategiesaidreaderstoprocessthetextactively,tomonitortheircomprehensionandtoconnectwhattheyarereadingtotheirownknowledgeandtootherpartsofthetext.,2.FourReadingModels,Thereadingmodelhasgonethroughthreestages.Bottom-upreadingmodelTop-downreadingmodel.Interactivereadingmodel(interactionofbottom-upreadingmodelandtop-downreadingmodel).Theschematheory,2.1Thebottom-upprocessing,Bottom-upmodelmeansthatthereaderconstructsthetextfromsmallestunit(lettertowordstophrasestosentence,etc)andthattheprocessofconstructingthetextfromthosesmallunitsbecomessoautomaticthatreadersarenotawareofhowifoperates.(Eskey,1988),Thiscanhappenifourworldknowledgeisinadequate,orifthewriterspointofviewisverydifferentfromourown.Inthatcase,wemustscrutinizethevocabularyandsyntaxtomakesurewehavegraspedtheplainsensecorrectly.Thusbottom-upprocessingcanbeusedasacorrectiveto“tunnelvision(seeingthingsonlyfromourownlimitedpointofview)”.,2.2Thetop-downprocessing,Thetop-downmodelisthatreadersbringagreatdealofknowledge,expectations,assumptionsandquestionstothetextand,giveabasicunderstandingofthevocabulary;theycontinuetoreadaslongasthetextconfirmstheirexpectations.(Goodman,1967),Wemakeconscioususeofitwhenwetrytoseetheoverallpurposeofthetext,orgetaroughideaofthepatternofthewritersargument,inordertomakeareasonedguessatthenextstep(basedontheschemawehaveacquired).Wemightcomparethisapproachtoaneagleseye.,2.3Theinteractionofbottom-upandtop-downprocessing,Theformerneglectsthefactthatreadingisanactivecomprehensiveprocess,whilethelaterneglectsthefastandexactrecognitionofthelowerlevelinformationsuchasletters,vocabulary,grammarforms.Readermayshiftfromonefocustoanother,adoptingatop-downapproachtopredicttheprobablemeaning,thenmovingfromthebottom-upapproachtocheckwhetherthatisreallywhatthewritersays.Itisknownasinteractivereading.,2.4Theschematheory,Schematheoryisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinthestudyofreadingcomprehension.Accordingtoschematheory,allknowledgeispackagedintounits.Theseunitsareschemata.Schematheoryalsoholdstheviewthatcomprehendingatextisaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereadersbackgroundknowledgeandthetext.Efficientreadingrequirestheabilitytorelatethetextualmaterialtoonesownknowledge.Thereadersschemataassisthimtomakeassumptionsaboutthemeaningoftheincomingtext.Meanwhile,thereadermakesconfirmations,rejectionsandmediationswithmoreinformationcomingoutfromthetext.,3.Threekindsofreadingstrategies,DirectStrategies,Memory,memory,Cognitive,compensation,IndirectStrategies,Metacognitive,Affective,Affective,Social,4.1Before-readingStrategies,(1)DecidingthereadingpurposeGenerallyspeaking,therearemainlythreereadingpurposes:Forpleasure:ignorethemostsignificantlearningprocessthinking.Forinformation:thecontentisoftheutmostimportancewhiledifficultlanguagepointsaredeliberatelyavoidedForlanguage:morelikelytoobstructedbytrifleachievement.,(2)SelectingreadingmaterialReadersshouldselectsuitablematerialssothattheydonothaverelyondictionaryexcessively.Ifthereadersusedictionarytoofrequently,thereadingconsistencywillbebrokenup.Generallyspeaking,ifthenewwordsaccountforlessthan5%ofthetotal,theunderstandingwillnotbecompromised.(3)MakereadingplansYoushouldworkoutadetailedplanbeforereading.Itincludesthetimetheyspendreadingeverydayandthechoiceofpropermaterialsforintensiveandextensivereading.Besidestheyshouldconsideraboutreadingstrategiesandthenpredictingreadingresults.,4.2Duringreadingstrategies,Duringreadingstrategiesrefertothetechniquesandmethodsappliedbyreadersduringthereadingprocess,whichplayanirreplaceableroleinreading.(1)PredictionPredictingfromthetitleandtopicsentencePredictingwithbackgroundknowledgePredictingfromsinglewordsPredictingfrompriorplot,(2)Skimming:itreferstoreadingquicklytograspthemainideaorthethemeofthepassage.Readerscanquicklyidentifythegenreandthemostimportantinformationwiththehelpofstrategies,suchashighlightingmainsentences,emphasizingkeywordsandphrases,andskippingoverminorinformationanddetails.(3)Scanning:itisastrategywhichreaderapplytolocatesomespecificinformationquickly.Scanningrequiresreaderstofindanswerswithquestionintheirmind.,(4)Keywordreading:itonlyfocusesonthecentralpartofsentencesandsomeclosely-relatedadjectivesandadverbs.Itisusuallyusetograspmainideasanddetailsofapassage.Thereadingspeedcantremendouslyimprovedinthisway,buttheaccuracyofunderstandingisalsoreduced,rangingfrom50%to70%.(5)SensegroupreadingReadingbysensegroupmeansthatreadersreadthewholepassageaccordingtotheconstitutedmeaningphrases.Readingbysensegroupsnotonlyimprovesreadingspeedandefficiency,butalsodeepenstheunderstandingofreadingmaterial.,(6)Makingnotes:Duringreadingprocess,readersshouldwritedownsomeimportantinformationtoenhancetheunderstandingofthewholepassageanddetails.Goodreadingnotesshouldbeshort,exact,selectiveandsystematic,clarifythewritingpurposeandthewayinformationisorganized.(7)Understandingthemaincontent:inreading,readersnotonlypassivelyreceivenewknowledge,butalsothinkdeeplyandcritically.Itincludes:SummarizingthemainideaIndentifyingreferencesDistinguishinggeneralizationsfromspecificsInferring,(8)GuessingwordmeaningGuessingbydefinitionGuessingbysynonymandantonym（同义词、反义词）Guessingbyexampl