Reading Skill(1—4)

.,阅读技巧ReadingSkill,.,阅读技能介绍（IntroductionofReadingSkill）,人们总是为了一定的目的而阅读的。虽然阅读的目的各种各样，但总的来说有以下两种情况：（1）为消遣而阅读，如看小说，读剧本等；（2）为获得信息而阅读，如读信件、通告、报纸、杂志、看论文、参考书和教科书，看说明书等。那么怎样才能达到有效理解从而获得准确的信息呢？,.,阅读技能介绍（IntroductionofReadingSkill）,阅读技能的训练是提高阅读理解能力的有效的方法。阅读技能是指运用各种方法和手段，准确而流利地阅读各种语言材料的能力。阅读技能主要有：辨认、理解和推测单词及词组的含义；理解句子的含义：包括句面意思，句子隐含的意思，句子在上下文中的含义及句子之间的关系；理解段落的意思：包括段落大意、段落的要点和重要信息，段落内部的逻辑关系以及段落之间的关系；掌握全文的中心思想和大意，以及用以说明中心思想和大意的事实、例证和论点；了解作者的态度、意见、意图和感情等，并且对全文做出判断和推论迅速浏览全文，了解大意或找出特定的信息。,.,1）提高辩词速度对于有效阅读来说，训练你对英语单词和词组的外形做出迅速而准确反应的能力尤为重要。假如你读错了单词，你便很快会如坠云中的感觉。不得不浪费时间，重新阅读。单词误读，尤其是在速读中，通常有两种情况：你或许会混淆一些看起来相象的词，如water和waiter,science和silence.读音相同或相似的词容易被混淆，如meet和meat,see和sea。这种情况在那些喜欢出声阅读的人身上尤为明显。因此，训练辩词能力和速度是快速阅读必不可少的环节。,ReadingSkill:Word-RecognitionandWordComprehension辩词和理解词义,.,2）提高理解词义的速度在快速阅读中，不但要训练辩词的能力和速度，而且还要训练对英语词义做出较快反应的能力和速度。在做题时，不必停下来考虑问题中的单词，更不必把它们译成你的母语。应尽力提高自己对所见单词的词义做出自动反应的能力。,Word-RecognitionandWordComprehension辩词和理解词义,.,PracticeExerciseWordRecognition(A),Direction:Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwords,the“TestWord”isfollowedbyfivewords,amongwhichonlyoneisexactlythesameasthe“TestWord.Findwhichoneitisandunderlineit.,Example:has/hathashavehalfhenTestWord1.winter/winnerwaiterwinterwatervender2.bottom/buttonbutterburtonbottombunion3.sheer/an/againorganaorangeorganargon5.store/storestarestonesternstereo6.scientist/scenaristsentientsincerestscientismscientist,.,Direction:Underlinethewordthatisexactlythesameasthe“TestWord”.,PracticeExerciseWordRecognition(B),TestWord1.part/portpasttrapdartpart2.know/knewnoknownowknown3.done/domepoemdonebonedune4.saw/sewsawwaslawsat5.lack/locklucklarklacklook6.taste/toasttossedtesttasktaste,.,PracticeExerciseRecognitionofPhrase,Direction:Readthefollowingphrases.Sometimesbothphrasesinapairareexactlythesame；sometimestheyaredifferent.Ifthetwophrasesarethesame,underlinetheletterS.Ifthetwophrasesaredifferent,underlinetheletterD.,Example:doesntknowdoesntshowSDhavetimehavetimeSD1.surefoodsourfoodSD2.silkumbrellasilkumbrellaSD3.roundthecornerroundthecornerSD4.hisworntrousershisbrowntrousersSD5.tryagaindryagainSD6.aquickmindaquickmindSD,.,PracticeExerciseWordComprehension,Direction:Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwords,the“TestWord“isfollowedbyfourwords,amongwhichonlyonehasthesamemeaning.Underlinethewordthatmeansmostnearlythesameasthe“TestWord“,Example:shut/watchclosehillseatTestword1.chair/papertruthhillseat2.little/smallbravesamelate3.receive/crygetwondermean4.amusing/straightrealanxiousfunny5.imagine/tiesupposewaitobey6.center/peacemiddlepathview7.scientist/scenaristsentientsincerestscientist8.radium/radianradialradiumradiant9.power/powderpowerpourerpoorer10.honor/horrorhammerhourhonor,.,PracticeExerciseComprehensionofPhrase(A),Direction:Thetwophrasesineachpairareeitherapproximatelythesameorquitedifferent.Ifthetwophraseshaveaboutthesamemeaning,underlinetheletterS.Iftheyarequitedifferent,underlinetheletterD.,1.infactatonceSD2.thefinemealthedeliciousfoodSD3.taketheplaceofinspiteofSD4.readytoleaveeagertogoSD5.signthebillsendthelistSD6.aterriblediseaseafrightfulsightSD,.,takecareoflookafterSDonceinagreatwhilelongtimeagoSDstayawayfromkeepdistancefromSDunexpectedresultsurprisingoutcomeSDeventhoughatlastSDafewdayslaterforseveraldaysSDkeeponwiththetaskcontinuethetaskSDnolongernotanymoreSDhelponeanotherdependonothersSDatthemomentaslongasSDnodoubtofcourseSD,ComprehensionofPhrase,.,ComprehensionofPhrase(B),Direction:Thetwophrasesineachpairareeitherapproximatelythesameorapproximatelytheopposite.UnderlinetheletterS,ifthetwowordshaveaboutthesamemeaning.Iftheyhaveoppositemeaning,underlinetheletterO.,1.dirty/cleanSO2.journey/tripSO3.late/earlySO4.rough/smoothSO5.hurt/injureSO6.narrow/wideSO7.gift/presentSO8.find/loseSO9.never/alwaysSO10.joy/happinessSO,.,ComprehensionofPhrase(B),11.certainsureSO12.distantnearSO13.dineeatSO14.sellbuySO15.warpeaceSO16.workrestSO17.talestorySO18.succeedfailSO19.ceasestopSO20.difficulteasySO,.,III.ReadingSill:ContextClues上下文线索,学会猜测生词词义是阅读技巧的重要组成部分之一。你常常会在句子里碰到一个你从未见过的词，或者是以前见过的词，但一时又想不出它的意思，或者是你知道的词，的该意思在你所读的句子里又不通。在阅读过程中，所有的读者，即使最有经验的读者都会碰到这种词。当遇到生词时，尽量不要查字典（除非猜不出词义），你可以通过上下文所提供的线索来猜测词义。那么什么是上下文呢（context）呢？,“上下文是指一个词或词组的前后出现的与之有关的词语或句子，也就是一个词或词组所处的具体的语言环境。,.,运用上下文线索来猜测“pillory一词的意思(1)AnearlyformofpunishmentinAmericawasthepillory.(2)Awoodenframeworkwithholesforthehandsandhead,thepillorystoodinacentralplaceforeveryonetosee.(3)Apersonwhocommittedacrimewaslockedinthestructuresothatpeoplecouldmakefunofthecriminal.(4)Evennow,whenwesaythatapersonispilloriedwearesayingthatthepersonisexposedtoscoreorridicule.,.,“pillory是什么意思呢？你或许会猜出“pillory的意思：许多年前美国用来惩罚罪犯的一种木制刑具。用这种刑具可以套住罪犯的脖子和手，使其受公众的嘲笑。那么怎样猜出“pillory一词的意思呢？当你读到“pillory一词是，千万不要停止阅读。句子(1)告诉你它是一种早期的刑具，剩余的句子进一步给你一些其他的线索。通过阅读句子（2），你会得知“pillory是一木制的架子，其上面的洞可以套住人的脖子和手，句子（3）告诉你罪犯可以被囚禁在这种刑具里，以便使众人嘲笑他们的罪行。由此看来，通过上下文线索猜测词义是阅读必不可少的一种技巧。,.,几种上下文线索:HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Somesentencessetoffthedefinitionforadifficultwordbymeansofpunctuation.Example:Theprincipal-moneyheputinhissavingsaccounttoearninterest-wassafeeventthoughthebankwasclosedbythepolice.Explanation:Thepairofdashessetsoffthedefinitionofprincipal,hereitmeans“sumofmoney”.Punctuationthatmaysetoffmeaningsincludescommas,parentheses()andbrackets,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Sometimeshelpingwords,alongwithpunctuation,provideimportantclues.Example:Carloslookeddazed,thatis,stunned,asifsomeonehadshockedhimwithbadnewsorwithaheavyblowtothehead.Explanation:Helpingwords:thatis,suchas,or,iscalled,meaning.,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:somesentencestelltheoppositeofwhatanewwordmeans.Fromitsopposite,youcanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.Example:Duringofficehourshelookedverytenseandanxious,butontheweekendshewasquiterelaxed.Explanation:Thewordbuthelpsyouunderstandthatrelaxedistheoppositeoftense.Ifyouknowthatrelaxedmeans“atease”,youcanfigureoutthattensemeans“tight”or“attention”,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Sometimesyouuseyourexperiencetofigureoutthedefinitionofaword.Example:Marthashusbandandmotherdiedwithinamonthofeachother,andshecriedoftenatherterriblesorrows.Explanation:Youknowthatfamilytragedywouldfillapersonwith“greatsadness”,themeaningofsorrow.,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Sentencesbeforeorafterasentencecontainingadifficultwordsometimesexplainthemeaningoftheword.Example:Thelovelywoodentrayhadgrownbrittle.Itwasdryandhardandcrackedeasily.Explanation:Anythingdry,hard,andeasilycrackedmaybecalledbrittle.,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Somesentencesarewrittenjusttogivethedefinitionsofdifficultwords-wordsthatreaderswillneedtoknowinordertounderstandwhattheyarereading.Example:Shewantedbakedclamsforherappetizer.Anappetizeristhefirstcourseofameal.Explanation:Thesecondsentencedefinesthewordappetizer.,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Becausesomesentencesgiveexamplesforanewword,youcanbuildadefinition.Example:Legumes,likestringbeans,limabeans,andgreenpeasareimportantinyourdiet.Explanation:Thesentencedoesntsaythatlegumesisanameforagroupofvegetableswithpods,youfigureoutsomeofthatmeaningfromtheexamples.,.,HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings,Hint:Somesentencesuseawordthatyoudoknowtohelpexplainawordthatyoudonotknow.Example:Themayorwantedprivacybecauseheknewthatbeingalonewouldhelphimsolvehisproblems.Explanation:Youcantellfromthesentencecluesthatprivacymeans“beingalone”.,.,PracticeExercise1SynonymsContextClues(A),Direction:Asynonymisonetypeofcontextcluethathelpsustodeterminethemeaningofunfamiliarwords.Determinethemeaningoftheunderlinedwordbyidentifyingitspartofspeechandbylocatingitssynonym.,Example:EvenasachildThomasEdisonhadaveryinquisitivemind;attheageofthreeheperformedhisfirstexperimentoutofcuriosity.Inthissentence,inquisitiveisa(an)adjective.PartofspeechInquisitivemeanscurious.,.,SynonymsContextClues(A),1.Thefootballplayerwaspenalizedforunnecessaryroughnessandthepunishmentwasagoodlessonforhim.Inthissentence,penalizeisa(an)_.Penalizemeans_.2.Herepliedquickly.Butafterheconsideredtheproblemmorecarefully,heregrettedhavingmadesuchahastydecision.Inthissentence,hastyisa(an)_.Hastymeans_.3.Youmustbathethewoundwithcleanwater,andafteryouwashit,putsomemedicineandbandageitcarefully.Inthissentence,batheisa(an)_.Bathemeans_.4.Hedevelopedacynicalattitudeafteryearsoffrustration.Hewasalwaysinlowspiritsbecauseofthisnegativeness.Inthissentence,cynicalisa(an)_.Cynicalmeans_.,v.,punish,adj.,quick,v.,wash,adj.,negative,.,SynonymsContextClues(B),Direction:Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachsentence.Thenfromthestatementfindoutthesynonymclueoftheunderlinedwordandputitintoblankplace.,Example:_Manyamateurtheatergroupsproducebenefitplaysforthepurposeofraising(funds).Theymaybeinterestedinthetheaterforitsownsake,buttheirprincipalinterestis_.A.profitB.reputationC.excitementD.creativeness,A,.,SynonymsContextClues(B),1._Frostisveryharmfultovegetationbecauseitcausesthemoisturewithintheplantstofreezeandexpand,thusbreakingthedelicatetissues.Akillingfrostisharmfultoeventhehardest_.A.plantsB.animalsC.lifeD.people2._Althoughthebiteofsuchspidersisusuallyfatalandsomepeoplehavebeenkilled,thistimeitdidnotresultin_.A.recoveryB.poisonC.painD.death.,A,D,.,SynonymsContextClues(B),3._Largechunksoficeandsnowmeltveryslowly.Oncetheybegintothaw,severalweeksofwarmweathermayberequiredbeforetheyaretotally_.A.increasedB.meltC.frozenD.warm4._Hehadalwaysenviedotherswhoexcelledinathletics,andhelongedtojointhemingames；buthewastooslow.Eventhoughhehadbeenelectedclasspresident,hestilllongedtobe_.A.asportsheroB.thebeststudentC.arespectedpersonD.aclubmember,.,PracticeExercise2AntonymContextClues(A),Direction:Eachofthefollowingsentencecontainsanantonymcluefortheunderlinedword.Locatetheword/phrasewhichmeanstheoppositeofthenewwordandthenputitintobrackets.Finally,selectthebestmeaningfortheunderlinedword.,Example:ProfessorEnglishsattitudeshowedhis(concern).Thestudentsattitudes,ontheotherhand,wereverycasual.Casualmeans_.A.attitudeB.concernedC.indifferent,C,.,AntonymContextClues(A),1.Shehasaloveofroutinework,butnofondnessforcreativejobs.Routinemeans_.A.creativeB.mechanicalC.fondness2.Somestudentswereunintentionallylateforclasswhileafewwerepurposelylate.Unintentionallymeans_.A.purposelyB.accidentallyC.always3.Inmanynationstherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.Penurymeans_.A.wealthB.povertyC.middleincome4.Itisbettertobereflectiveaboutproblemsthantobethoughtless.Reflectivemeans_.A.thoughtfulB.uncaringC.problems,.,AntonymContextClues(B),Direction:Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachstatement,andthenwritedowntheantonymcluewhichhelpsyoumakethechoice.,Example:Inthetreatmentofhisdisease,completecalmisnecessaryforrecovery.Thedoctorhaswarnedthatundernocircumstancesmustthepatientbeallowedtobecome_.A.inactiveB.betterC.hungryD.excitedAntonymclueof_iscalm,D,.,AntonymContextClues(B),1.Collectorsofstamps,coins,orotherobjectsshouldcollectcommonspecimensaswellasunusualones.Notonlyaretheyoftenmoreattractive,butalsoonecannevertellwhensomecommonobjectmaysuddenlybecome_.A.attractiveB.rareC.lessvaluableD.duplicatedAntonymclueof_is_.2.Everyexcesscausesadefect,everydefectanexcess.Everysweethasitssour,everyhardshipits_.A.goodB.penaltyC.comfortD.disasterAntonymclueof_is_.,rarecommon,comforthardship,.,AntonymContextClues(B),3.MostpeoplelikeEllenbecausetheyknowsheisfrankwiththem.Ontheotherhand,theydistrusthersisterbecausesheisalways_.A.secretiveB.impoliteC.inactiveD.unreliableAntonymclueof_is_.4.Mysterywaitsontheothersideofeverydoor.Anyroom,regardlessofitsfamiliarity,maycontain_.A.pleasuresB.memoriesC.surprisesD.friendsAntonymclueof_is_.,secretive,frank,surprises,familiarity,.,PracticeExercise3,Direction:Thewordinitalics(slantedtype)maybeunfamiliartoyou.Trytousehintsinthesentencetomakeupadefinition.Thenselecttheletterofthewordthatyoufeelisclosesttothemeaning.Writetheletterintheblankspace.,_1.InwritingfootnoteresearchersrarelyuseIbid.anylonger.Ibid.isaLatinabbreviationforIbidemthatmeans“inthesameplace”.Ibid.means_.A.theLatinalphabetB.IbidemC.inthesameplaceD.research,.,_2.Thespeakerusedcolorfulillustrations-drawingsandphotographs-tohelpusunderstandherpointsabouthowtoraisecactusplantsindoors.Illustrationsmeans_.A.growingindoorcactusplantsB.adrawingorphotographC.aspeakerbeforeanaudienceD.gardening_3.Ifyoustandinthedoorwayanddontletanyonepass,youwillobstructtheexit.Obstructmeans_.A.blockB.doorwayC.passD.standwithoutdoinganything_4.Whenyoutradeoneobjectorservicethatyoudonotneedorwantforanotheronethatyoudoneedorwant,youarepartofabartersystem.Bartermeans_.A.tradeB.systemC.unneededgoodsandservicesD.dividingline,.,PracticeExercise4Contentcluesofwordsassociation,Sentencesarecomposedofwordsorgroupsofwordsthatareputtogethertoexpresscertainideas.Thosewordsorgroupsofwordsareexpectedto“gotogether”onaccountoftheirlogicalconnections,as:grass-green,school-students,hit-ball,swim-pool,etc.,Direction:Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachsentence.Thenunderlinethewordyouuseasacontextclue.,Example:IwassurprisedtomeetMaryshusband,forIdidnotknowthatshehadbeen_.A.educatedB.marriedC.happyD.retired,B,.,Contentcluesofwordsassociation,1.Waterisavitalnecessityoflife.Longbeforeamanstarves,hewilldieasaresultof_.A.malnutritionB.hungerC.thirstD.disease2.Theforcesofnaturearenotalwayshelpfultoman.Sometimesthewindandraindestroyhishomeanddamagehisharvest.Atsuchtime,natureappearstobehumanitys_.A.creatorB.enemyC.servantD.helper,.,Contentcluesofwordsassociation,3.Sometimespioneersstruckoilwhentheywerediggingawell.Tothemthismeantextrawork,becausenowtheywouldhavetostartalloveragaintodigfor_.A.waterB.goldC.petroleumD.treasures4.Onesmalldropofthepoisonousmilkcontainedintheleavesandstemsofdesertplantwillcausetotalblindness.Thosewhohandletheplantforfirewoodareverycarefulnottotouch_.A.otherplantsB.theirskinC.theireyesD.theplant,.,IV.ReadingSkills:WordPartClues构词线索,英语中很多单词是由基本词(baseword）或词根(root）加前缀(prefix）或后缀（suffix）或前后缀构成的。词根表示词的基本词义。前缀是置于词根（或基本词）前面的部分，后缀是置于词根或基本词后面的部分。词根或基本词加上不同的前缀或后缀，可构成许多不同的词。例如：,前缀+词根act词根act+后缀前缀+词根act+后缀reactactionreactionenactactiveenactmentreenactactivelyreenactmentinteractactionlessreactortransactactablereactiveactivatereactivateactivityreactivationactivationinteractionactortransactionactressinactive,.,如果你知道act这个词的意义是“行为；行动；活动，同时也了解“re”，“inter”，“trans”等前缀和“tion,”“tive”,“ly”,“able,”“ity,”“or”等后缀的意义，上列26个词的词义就不难猜测。,.,WordPartClues构词线索1)Importantprefixes,Prefixesmeaning“noor“not:PrefixMeaningExampleanot,withoutamoralinnotinexactimnotimmobilenonnotnonreturnablemiswronglymisleadmalbadlymalformedantiagainstantisocialirnotirresponsibledisnotdisfavorunnotunknownilnotillegal,.,WordPartClues构词线索1)Importantprefixes,Prefixesdealingwithtime:PrefixMeaningExampleprebeforepredatepostafterpostwarPrefixesdealingwithnumbers,oneormorethanone:PrefixMeaningExampleunioneunicyclemonoonemonologue(独白)autoselfautograph亲笔签名bitwobicycletrithreetricycleolymanypolygon多边形multimanymulticolored,.,WordPartClues构词线索1)Importantprefixes,Prefixesdealingwithplacement:PrefixMeaningExampleabawayfromabnormal反常的circumaroundcircumscribe定界限com,conwith,togethercommitteededownfromdeceit欺骗disawaydischarge解除exoutofexconvict无罪ininto,withininborninteramongintermix混合proforward,infavorofproAmericanreagainrecallsubundersubmarinesuperabovesuperiortransacrosstransition,.,WordPartClues构词线索2)Importantsuffixes,SuffixMeaningExampleableabletomanageableibledefensiblealregalancerelatingtoresistanceenceindependenceicpatrioticionunionismCatholicismhoodstateof,qualityofbrotherhooditylegalitymentpuzzlementerwriteroronewhoadvisoriteMennoniteyfullofsoapyfulwishful,.,WordPartClues构词线索3)ImportantRoots,RootMeaningExamplecredbelievecredence可信任duc,ductlead,make,fashionshapedeductequequalequatefac,fact,ficdo,makefactorygraghwrittenmonographlogspeechmonologmis,mitsendmissilemor,mortdiemortifynom,nomennamenominalportcarryportable,.,WordPartClues构词线索3)ImportantRoots,RootMeaningExampleposplacepositionscrip/scribtowritedescribespic/speclookspectatortangtouchtangibleten/tin/tainhave,holddetaintend/tens/tentstretchextendvid/visseevisionvoccallevoke,.,PracticeExercise1,Direction:Thinkofthemanywordsthatyouknowanduseregularly.Doyourecognizeprefixesandsuffixesinthosewords?Followingtheinstructionsbelow,makealistofthewordsthatyouknowthathaveprefixesandsuffixes.Writedefinitionsofthosewords.1.Threewordsthatbeginwiththeprefixun此部分练习略,.,PracticeExercise2,(A)MeaningandPrefixesDirection:Addprefixestoeachwordtomakeitfitthemeaning.Writethenewword.1.call(callback)_2.tell(tellagain)_3.definite(notdefinite)_4.attractive(notattractive)_5.weekly(oftwoweeks)_6.active(notactive)_7.man(notordinaryman)_8.capture(captureagain)_9.secure(notsecure)_10.gain(gainagain)_,recall,retell,indefinite,unattractive,biweekly,inactive,superman,recapture,insecure,regain,.,PracticeExercise2,(B)MeaningandPrefixesDirection:MatcheachdefinitioninColumnAwiththecorrespondingwordinColumnB.Writethewordnexttothedefinition.,.,AB1.notlike_A.mistreat2.breakrules_B.misfortune3.improper_C.dissimilar4.badluck_D.disobey5.notsatisfied_E.progress6.treatbadly_F.nounceincorrect_G.produce8.leadastray_H.exclude9.notalike_I.misbehave10.behavebadly_J.dissatisfied11.nothonest_K.mislead12.moveforward_L.misuse13.pushforward_M.dishonest14.bringforward_N.mispronounce15.shotout_O.dislike,O,D,L,B,J,A,N,K,C,I,M,E,F,G,H,.,PracticeExercise3,(C)MeaningandsuffixesDirection:MatcheachdefinitioninColumnAwiththecorrespondingwordincolumnB.Writethewordnexttothedefinition.,.,AB1.withoutachild_A.unity2.fullofjoy_B.meaningless3.qualityofbeingloyal_C.merci