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第一章 英语国家概括第一节 英国概括 地理 有四个部分组成 great Britain(England,Wales,Scotland)and northern Ireland 地理特征 最短的海峡 strait of Dover 多佛海峡 1 England the pennies 英格兰 最主要的山脉 2 Scotland three natural zone :the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ,首都是Edinburgh ,river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流,3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是 内伊湖 (Lough Neagh)5 Rivers and lakes 最长的是 Severn river(赛文河) ,第二长和最重要的是 泰晤士河, (Thames river),典型的海洋性气候(maritime climate) 人口 60million ,英国人是 Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人 hospitable and generous,Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰 的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区 History:1 first settlers are Lberians (伊利比亚人)2 1066(Norman conquer)1215 (大宪章)13371453(英法百年战争)1381(农民起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(first civil war ),1658(the restoration 王朝复辟)1688(the glorious revolution) 教育 实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习 Religion Established churches分为 the Church of England(official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定) and the Church of Scotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会,the free churches 自由教,the roman catholic church 天主教 主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节 (主要的天主教节日)whit Sunday(圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)Gay Fawkes day (盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日) sports ,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August 到 May),最典型的英国运动是cricket,板球)网球(annual Wimbledon fortnight Arts 博物馆(the British museum,the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery)Music (甲壳虫乐队,the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and drama media (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper) Political constitutional monarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,parliament (the house of lord and the house of commons,任期为五年)political party :labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party(Tories 托利党)第二节 美国概括 yellow National park(大平原地带),大峡谷(the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California ) Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits,also called Eskimos) Hawaii (Mauna Loa ,莫纳罗亚山,the worlds largest active volcano,盛产 sugar cane and pineapple,首府是Honolulu) 地理特征1 两大主要山脉是,Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river (greatest continental rivers,American Ruhr ),Ohio river(俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes:lake Michigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lake superior(世界上最大的淡水湖) ,the lake Huron(休伦湖) lake Erie(伊利湖)and lake Ontario(安大略湖) history 1620,201 pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立,签署停火协议), 1789( established federal government),1812(和英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war),gilded age (镀金时代,国内战争到20世纪初),1949(north Atlantic treaty),1950s (civil rights movement)1950-1975(the Vietnam war),1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华),1979(中美建交) American political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。)政党(democratic and republican party) economy :federal reserve system(coin money ),wheat is Americans most important food crop, cotton is a leading commercial crop in south , greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of rice after Thailand education :6-16 festival; Christmas (December 25),martin Luther kings day(the third Monday in January ),Lincolns day (February 12) George Washingtons birthday( the third Monday in February ),Easter Sunday( a Sunday between march 22 and April 25 )independence day (July 4) , Halloween( October 31),thanksgiving day (the fourth Thursday in November) 重要城市1 New York(largest city,big apple ,five boroughs :Manhattan,Brooklyn,queens,the Bronx and the Staten island)2 Boston (largest and vibrant city in new England,with the greatest concentration of colleges and universities)3 Los Angeles(the pacific coasts largest and busiest commercial city with the second largest population ,Hollywood)4 New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York ,5 Chicago(has the worlds best collection of modern architecture,sears Tower)6 San Francisco(crazy city,the worlds largest gay communities)7 Atlanta (1996 Olympic games,the home of martin Luther king,the headquarters of CNN and coca-cola)8 Salk lake city (salty water,so many Mormons ,摩门教徒)第三节 加拿大概况(1931,正式独立1 60%的人口集中在Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario,both French and English is the official language。2 两条主要的河流是:Mackenzie (longest)and ST. Lawrence (most important river)Capital is Ottawa in Ontario,Quebec is the largest province,Vancouver is British Columbias largest city,and also is the largest cargo port)3 Quebec has the western hemispheres largest deposits of asbestos(石棉),Canada has become the largest exporter of fish,the oldest university is Laval university(拉瓦勒大学)the largest is the university of Toronto (多伦多大学)第四节 澳大利亚1 Divided into three region the great western plateau,西部高原,the eastern highlands 东部高地(the great barrier reef 大堡礁,Murray river as the longest river) the central eastern lowlands 中东部低地2 kangaroos and emus (the largest native desert animal3 Anzac day (澳新军团,April 25)is the most important holiday。4 worlds largest exporter of wool ,coal5 political:Parliament (the lower house and upper house)party(the Australia labor party,the liberal party of Australia)6 media:the age (世纪报) the Australia financial review(金融评论报)第五节 the others1(New Zealand)1 Wellington as the capital,Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol,Lake taupe as the largest lake,Clutha the longest in S,Waikato库鲁萨河 and Wanganui 旺格努伊河river in N)2 largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products第二章 英美文学第一节 英国文学 中古英国文学(449 -1066) 1 general introduction :8世纪(Anglo-Saxon prose) Venerable Bede and Alfred the great,15世纪(English ballads),Thomas Malory 2 important literary terms:old English(language spoken by Anglo-Saxon) ,Romance3 important writers and literary works: 1 Beowulf(oldest poem and most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature) 2 Religious poets :Caedmon(first known religious poet of England,the father of English song)Cynewulf(the Christ as most characteristic) 3 Prose writers:venerable Bede and Alfred the great 4 The romance :sir Gawain and the green knight The age of Chaucer:14 century called age of Chaucer,Chaucer(the father of English poetry and English fiction,the Canterbury tales) and Langland(朗兰)were the most important writers in that age Thomas Malory(Morte d Arthur,亚瑟王之死) 文艺复兴时期文学1 general introduction,起源于意大利,维多利亚时代发展最快,代表是戏剧,lyrical poetry,这个时代的英国被称为a nest of singing birds2 important terms:Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗体)euphuism(夸饰文体)3 important writers and literary works:1 English poets:Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特most interesting poet of the first half of 16世纪,第一个将sonnet 带进英国文学)Henry Howard sir Philip Sidney(飞利浦西德尼爵士)Edmund spenser(埃蒙德斯宾塞,the poets poet,faerie Queen,仙后)2 English prose:Thomas more (托马斯莫尔,Utopia 乌托邦)John lyly (约翰黎里,give rise to the term “euphuism”Francis bacon(弗朗西斯培根,the trumpeter of a new age,first essayist,most famous essay as of studies,of love and of beauty)3 English drama; Christopher Marlowe(克里斯弗洛马洛,莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧家,代表作有,the tragic history of doctor Faustus,浮士德博士的悲剧,第一个在戏剧中运用 blank verse)4 William Shakespeare(one of the founders of realism)除了著名的有:as you like it 皆大欢喜,the twelfth night 第十二夜,4 Ben Johnson :most famous dramatist,代表作是 【Volpone(狐狸)】 17世纪文学 1 John Donne 约翰多恩:the founder of the metaphysical school,【a valedictorian:forbidding mourning 临别辞:莫悲伤】2 George Herbert:(saint of metaphysical school)3 John Milton: greatest writer of 17 century【paradise lost】【paradise regained】【Samson Agonistes 力士参孙】4 John Bunyan 约翰班杨【the pilgrims progress 天路历程】5 John Dryden 约翰德莱顿: greatest poet between Milton and Pope,established the heroic couplet,英雄史诗式两行诗 18世纪文学(主流是realism,neo-classicism 获得了加速发展,enlightenment)1 Neo-classicism:重要作家Alexander Pope (蒲柏):representative writer of neo-classicism,18世纪早期被称为age of pope【an essay on criticism论批评】【the rape of the lock 夺发记】【essay on man 论人类】Richard steele and Joseph Addison:【the tattler 闲谈者报】【the spectator 旁观者报】Samuel Johnson:著书最多,死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂,著名的有【the dictionary of English language 英语字典】【the lives of English poets 诗人传】2 English novelists (有两股学派: realist novelist and sentimentalist)1 Realist novelistDaniel defoe :丹尼尔笛福,father of English and European novels【Robinson Crusoe】Jonathan Swift :born in Dublin,【a modest proposal 一个小小的建议】【Gullivers travel】Henry fielding 亨利菲尔丁;greatest novelist in 18 century【the history of Tom Jones,a foundling】Tobias George Smollett 托利比亚 斯魔莱特 乔治2 Sentimentalist Samuel Richardson Lawrence Sterne :劳伦斯 斯特恩,【life and opinions of Tristram Shandy 项狄传】Oliver goldsmith 奥利弗戈德斯密斯【the deserted village 荒村】【the vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师】3 poetry of the pre-romanticism and sentimentalism James Thomson,苏格兰诗人,【season】前浪漫主义第一首出名的诗歌Edward YoungWilliam Collins 【ode to evening 晚颂】Thomas Gray 【elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌】William Blake 【songs of innocence其中最著名的是the lamb】【songs of experience 其中著名的有 tiger,London,the chimney-sweeper扫烟囱的孩子】Robert Burns; the greatest songwriter in the world【a red,red rose 红红的玫瑰】【auld Lang sweeper 旧日美好时光】4 English drama in 18 centuryJohn Gay 【the beggars opera 乞丐歌剧】,继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【the rivals 情敌】【the school for scandal 造谣学校】 浪漫主义文学1 抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现,同时女小说家也开始出现,最出名的历史小说家是Walter Scott, lamb is the best essayist in this age。2 第一代浪漫主义诗人:William Wordsworth:桂冠诗人,第一代浪漫诗人的代表,他在lyrical ballads中出名的有【lines composed a few miles above Tintern abbey 丁灯寺旁】【lines in early spring 早春】【I wondered lonely as a cloud 我似流云天自流】【the solitary reaper 孤独的割麦女】【最著名的长诗是the prelude 序曲】Samuel Taylor Coleridge :【the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏】【Kubla khan 忽必烈汗】【 Christabel 克里斯特贝尔】2 第二代浪漫诗人:George Gordon Byron;收到英国工人的喜爱,【she walks in beauty 她走在美的光影中】【when we two parted 昔日依依别】【Hebrew melodies希伯来歌曲】【chide Harolds pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗尔德游记】【Don Juan 唐璜 代表作】Percy Bysshe Shelley; 【Prometheuss unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯】【ode to the west wind 西风颂】【to a skylark 云雀颂】John Keats: 死的时候只有26岁【ode to a nightingale 夜莺颂】【ode on a Grecian urn 希腊古翁颂】【ode to autumn 秋颂】名言是“beauty is truth ,truth is beauty”3 浪漫主义时期的prose(代表人物是 Charles lamb)Charles lamb;被认为是英国最好的通俗essayist,作品幽默特点突出【tales from Shakespeare 莎士比亚故事集】【old china 古旧的瓷器】William Hazlitt ;【the character of Shakespeares play 莎士比亚戏剧中的人物】【lectures on the dramatic literature of the age of Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白时期的戏剧】【lectures on English poets 英国诗人】essays 有【my first acquaintance with poets 我和诗人的第一次接触】【on going a journey 论出游】4 浪漫主义时期的fictionWalter Scott; 他的写作生涯标志着小说从浪漫主义到现实主义的过渡【Waverley 威弗利】在苏格兰最出名的是【Rob Roy 罗布罗伊】,在英格兰出名的是【Ivanhoe 艾凡赫】Jane Austen 【pride and prejudice】【sense and sensibility理智与情感】【Emma 爱玛】 维多利亚时期的文学1 出现了一个新的流派critical realism 批判现实主义,这个时期最好的小说家是Charles dickens ,重要的诗人有Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning,and his wife Elizabeth Barrett Browning,重要的prose writers 有Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold。2 批判主义小说家Charles dickens:【Pickwick papers匹克威客外传】【Oliver twist雾都孤儿】【the old curiosity shop 老古玩店】 【Dombey and son 董贝父子】【David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔】【great expectations 远大前程】【a tale of two city 双城记】William Makepeace Thackeray: 威廉梅克匹斯萨克雷【vanity fair 名利场】The Bronte sisters: Charlotte Bronte 【Jane Eyre 简爱】Emily Bronte【Wuthering heights 呼啸山庄】Anne Bronte 【Agnes Grey 艾格尼丝格雷】Mrs. Gaskell ; 【life of Charles dickens】代表作【Mary Barton 】George Eliot: 【Adam Bede 亚当比德】【the mill on the floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊】【Silas Marner 织工马南】Thomas hardy :【德伯家的苔丝】【Jude the obscure 无名的裘德】【the return of native 还乡】【far from the madding crowd 远离尘嚣】【the mayor of Casterbridge 卡特桥市长】Samuel Butler 【the way of all fresh 众生之路】3 维多利亚时代的诗歌Alfred Tennyson: poet laureate ,这个时期最伟大的诗人【the princess】【Maud 莫德】短诗【break!break!break!拍案曲】Robert Browning:【men and women 男男女女】【my last Duches 我的前公爵夫人】【meeting at night 夜间相会】4 维多利亚时代的散文家Thomas Carlyle 【the French revolution】John Ruskin 【modern painters 近代画家】【the seven lamps of architecture 建筑的七盏明灯】【unto this last 给那后来的】【sesame and lilies 芝麻与百合】Matthew Arnold: 【Dover beach】5 working class literature in 19 centuryErnest Jones伟大的宪章派诗人(chartist poets)William Morris:first socialist writer6 19世纪末的文学潮流Naturalism:Emile Zola(法国作家)George Gissing (代表人物)New-Romanticism:Stevenson(苏格兰作家)Aestheticism:Decadence:颓废派文艺,口号是“art for arts sake”重要作家有:Oscar wild,唯美主义代表者,【the picture of Dorian grey 多利安格雷的肖像】【happy Prince快乐王子】 现代时期英国文学1 short lyrics became popular,著名的有James joyce(注重挖掘人内心的感情)2 重要作家:John Galsworthy:1932年诺贝尔奖的获得者,代表作是【the Forsyte saga 福特赛家史】,包括3部小说和 2部interlude:【the man of property有财产的人,这部作品标志着作者现实主义作品的顶点】【the Indian summer of a forsyte ,interlude】【in chancery 骑虎难下】【awakening,interlude】【to let 出让】Bernard Shaw: 【man and superman 人与超人】【mayor Barbara 芭芭拉少校】【pygmalion 茶花女,又名皮革马丽翁】William Butler Yeats:1923年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,爱尔兰人【sailing to Byzantine 驶向拜占庭】【the second coming 基督再临】【leda and the sun 丽达及天鹅】T.S Eliot 【the waste land】【four quartets 四重四重奏】David Herbert Lawrence 【lady Chatterleys lover 查特来夫人的情人】【the rainbow 虹】【sons and lovers 儿子与情人】【women in love 恋爱中的女人】James Joyce:詹姆斯乔伊斯,爱尔兰作家,【a portrait of artist as a young man 一个年轻艺术家的肖像】【Ulysses 尤利西斯】【Finnegans wake 芬尼根守灵夜】【Dubliners 都柏林人】,同时他也是founder of stream of consciousness。Virginia Woolf (女作家):【Mrs Dalloway 黛洛维夫人】【to the lighthouse 到灯塔去】【the waves 波浪】【a room of ones own自己的房间】【three guineas 三个基尼】Robert Tressell (罗波特屈赛尔):【the ragged trousered philanthropists 穿着破裤子的慈善家】William Golding: 【the lord of the flies 蝇王】John James Osborne: 奥斯本,【look back in anger 愤怒的回顾】Samuel bechett: 【waiting of Godot 等待戈多】第二节 美国文学常识 殖民地时期的美国文学 1608 captain John Smith(first American writer,【a true relation of such。】【a map of Virginia】【with a description of the country】Bradford【the history of Plymouth plantation】Winthrop 【the history of new England】Roger William【a key into the language of America】【a help to the language of the natives in that part of America called new England】 早期美国作家(这个时期的主要文学流派是自然神论【deism】)重要作家有:Benjamin Franklin 【poor Richards almanac】【autobiography】Philip Freneau【美国诗歌之父】:【the wild honey suckle 野生的寒冬】【to the memory of the brave Americans 纪念英勇的美国人】【general Nathaniel Greene】Thomas Jefferson【the declaration of independence】 浪漫主义文学(两大文学派别是transcendentalism and free verse 自由诗体)前浪漫主义时期的作家1 Washington Irving (作家,第一个写短篇小说,散文的美国作家,同时也是第一个得到国际知名的美国作家,因此在美国的文学历史上占有重要的地位,作品带有典型的美式幽默):【the sketch of book 见闻札记】【Rip Van Winkle 瑞普;凡;温克尔】【the legend of sleep hollow 睡谷的传说】2 William Cullen Bryant(诗人,威廉科伦布莱恩特,nature was the chief theme of Bryant s works):【to a waterfowl 致水鸟】【the yellow violet 黄色的谨香花】【Homers Iliad 伊利亚特】【odyssey 奥德赛】James Fennimore cooper (库柏,小说家)【leather stocking tales 皮袜子故事集】【the last of the Mohicans 最后的莫希干人】后浪漫主义时期的作家1 Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生 思想家,最杰出的美国散文家,诗人,【nature 论自然】2 Walt Whitman(沃尔特,惠特曼):第一个运用free verse 的美国诗人)【leaves of grass 草叶集,song of myself 自我之歌 最著名的诗】3 Nathaniel Hawthorne:美国小说家,写作对象往往是人类的心灵【the scarlet letter 红字】【the house of the seven gables 带有七个尖角阁的房子】4 Henry Wadsworth Langfellow; 朗费罗,美国诗人【Evangeline 伊万杰林】【song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌】翻译【Dantes divine comedy 但丁的神曲】【a psalm of life 生命颂】5 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加爱伦坡:第一个美国职业作家,世界上第一个侦探小说作家,【to Helen 致海伦】【the Raven 乌鸦】【anabel lee 】【the fall of the house of usher】6 Harriet Beecher Stowe,哈里特比彻斯托,美国女作家【uncle Tom cabin】7 Emily Dickinson,埃米利迪金森,美国女诗人【because I could not stop for death 因为我不能等待死神】【Im nobody ,who are you 我是无名小卒,你是谁?】Henry david Thoreau ,亨利大卫梭罗,美国作家【Walden 瓦尔登湖】【life in the wood 林中生活】 现实主义文学(文学流派是naturalism,镀金一代)1 Mark Twain:【the adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆索耶历险记】【the adventures of huckleberry finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记】【life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上】【the prince and the pauper 王子与贫儿】2 Stephen Crane斯蒂芬克莱恩:【the red badge of courage 红色英勇勋章,a landmark in American literary naturalism】3 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞,美国小说家【sister carrie 嘉莉妹妹。第一部小说】【an American tragedy 美国悲剧】【trilogy of desire 欲望三部曲,分别是the financier 金融家,the titan 巨人,the stoic 斯多葛】4 Henry James ,美国小说家,【the American 美国人】【the portrait of lady 贵妇人的画像】【the wings of the dove 鸽翼】【the Golden bowl 金碗】5 Herman Melville 赫尔曼梅尔维尔 【moby dick 白鲸】6 Jack London 【the call of the wild】【love of life 热爱生命】【Martin Eden 马丁伊登】7 Edwin Arlington Robinson 埃德温 罗宾逊,美国诗人【the town down the river】【the man against the sky】 现代主义文学(迷茫的

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