自考英美文学选读 早期英国文学

SelectedReadingsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature,Lecture1AnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglishLiterature,PeriodsofEnglishLiterature,450-1066OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period1066-1500MiddleEnglishPeriod1500-1660TheRenaissance(orEarlyModern)1558-1603ElizabethanAge1603-1625JacobeanAge1625-1649CarolineAge1649-1660CommonwealthPeriod1660-1785TheNeoclassicalPeriod1660-1700TheRestoration1700-1745TheAugustanAge1745-1785TheAgeofSensibility(orAgeofJohnson),PeriodsofEnglishLiterature,1785-1832TheRomanticPeriod1832-1901TheVictorianPeriod1848-1860ThePre-Raphaelites1880-1901AestheticismandDecadence1901-1914TheEdwardianPeriod1910-1936TheGeorgianPeriod1914-TheModernPeriod1945-Postmodernism,BriefIntroductionofHistory,1.RomanBritain(55BC-410AD)JuliusCaesar,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedBritainforthefirsttimein55BCandRomansrulestheCelts,theaboriginalinhabitants,forabout500years.2.TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)About449,Anglo-Saxonsinvadedtheland,drovetheCeltstothenorthandwestanddevelopedtheirownlanguageandculture.,In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.Augustine,thePriorofSt.AndrewsManasteryinRome,toEnglandtoconverttheheathen/paganEnglishtoChristianity.3.theNormanConquest(1066)In1066,WilliamtheConquerordefeatedtheAnglo-SaxonsandbegantoruleEnglandandthenestablishedthefeudalsystem.,thetimeperiod:about450to1066;OldEnglishreferstotheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish;Anglo-Saxonpoetictradition:bothboldandstrong,mournfulandelegiacinspirit.,OldEnglishLiterature,TwoGroupsofOldEnglishPoetry,1.thereligiousgroup:mailyonbibilicalthemese.g.GenesisA,GenesisB,ExodusProtestantisma16th-cmovementforthereformofabusesintheRomanChurchendingintheestablishmentoftheReformedandProtestantChurches(e.g.ChurchofEnglandinBritain).,TheEnglishRenaissance(1500-1660),TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,andachieveditsfinestexpressionintheso-calledElizabethandramawhichbegantoexcelonlyinthelastdecadeofthe16thCandreacheditsheightinthefirst15yearsofthe17thC.ItsfinestexponentswereChirstopherMarlowe,BenJonson,WilliamShakespear,andetc.,Printing:WilliamCaxtonwasthefirstpersonwhointroducedprintingintoEngland.ageoftranslationnumerouscontinentalliteraryworksbothancientandmodernweretranslatedandprinted.e.g.PlutarchsLivesoftheNobleGreciansandRoEnglishbySirThomasNorth;OvidsMetamorphosesbyGolding;HomersTheIliadbyChapman;MontaignesEssaysbyFlorio.,Development,ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.PetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters.FrancescoPetrarca(July20,1304July19,1374),knowninEnglishasPetrarch,wasanItalianscholar,poet,andoneoftheearliesthumanists.PetrarchisoftencalledtheFatherofHumanism;PetrarchwouldbelaterendorsedasamodelforItalianstyle;PetrarchssonnetswereadmiredandimitatedthroughoutEuropeduringtheRenaissanceandbecameamodelforlyricalpoetry.,Sonnet,ThomasWyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEnglish.Sonnet:alyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteenpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.(averseformconsistingof14lineswithafixedrhymescheme)(抒情诗、14行、五音步、格律严谨)TherearetwomajorpatternsofrhymeinsonnetswrittenintheEnglishlanguage:Italiansonnet-BOh!raiseusup,returntousagain;-BAndgiveusmanners,virtue,freedom,power.-AOctave-Introducesthethemeorproblem,ThysoulwaslikeaStar,anddweltapart;-CThouhadstavoicewhosesoundwaslikethesea:-DPureasthenakedheavens,majestic,free,-DSodidstthoutravelonlifescommonway,-EIncheerfulgodliness;andyetthyheart-CThelowliestdutiesonherselfdidlay.-ESestet-Solvestheproblem,EnglishorShakespeareansonnet,TheEarlofSurreyandotherEnglishexperimentersinthe16thCaslodevelopedastanzaformcalledtheEnglishsonnetorShakespeareansonnet,afteritsgreatestpractitioner.Thissonnetfallsintothreequatrainsandaconcludingcouplet:ababcdcdefefgg.Therewasanotablevariant,theSpenseriansonnet,inwhichSpenserlinkedeachquatraintothenextbyacontinuingrhyme:ababbcbccdcdee.,ExampleofaSpenserianSonnet:AmorettibyEdmundSpenser(c.1552-1599),Whatguileisthis,thatthosehergoldentressesAShedothattireunderanetofgold;BAndwithslyskillsocunninglythemdresses,AThatwhichisgoldorhair,mayscarcebetold?BIsitthatmensfraileyes,whichgazetoobold,BShemayentangleinthatgoldensnare;CAndbeingcaughtmaycraftilyenfoldBTheirweakerhearts,whicharenotyetwellaware?CTakeheedtherefore,mineeyes,howyedostareCHenceforthtoorashlyonthatguilefulnet,DInwhichifeveryeentrappedare,COutofherbandsyebynomeansshallget.DFollyitwereforanybeingfree,ETocovetfetters,thoughtheygoldenbe.E,blankverse（无韵体诗）,HenryHoward,EarlofSurreybroughtintoEnglishblankverse,i.e.theunrhymediambicpentameterline,inhistranslationsofBooks2and4ofVirgilsTheAeneid(about1540).JohnMiltonusedblankverseforhisepicParadiseLost(1677).Marlowgavenewvigortotheblankversewithhismightylines(e.g.Dr.FaustusonP23).,FromWyattandSurreyonwardsthegoalsofhumanisticpoetryare:skillfulhandlingofconventions,forceoflanguage,andaboveall,thedevelopmentofarhetoricalplaninwhichmeter,rhyme,scheme,imageryandargumentshouldallbecombinedtoframetheemotionalthemeandthrowitintohightrelief.Poetrywastobeaconcentratedexerciseofthemind,ofcraftsmanship,andoflearning.,LiteraryFormsintheRenaissance,IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryforms(eps.byShakespeareandBenJonson).c.f.MetaphysicalpoetsJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbertandetc.(unconventional),TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.The