限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

非限制性定语从句引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词： 指代对象 指代人主格 who 宾格 whom 所有格 of whom, whose指代物 主格which, as 宾格 which, as 所有格which, of which, whose 引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when，whereas ,which均可以引出非限制性定语从句，,如都指前一句话的意思，二者可以互换。.as 引导的从句可以放在句首，as 本身有“正如.正象” 一类的含义。 与之连用的词有know， see， expect， announce， point out等。此外，在the sameas ， such.as.中as引导的是限制性定语从句。 1. The earth is round, _we all know. DA. that B. which C. who D. as 2. _ was natural, he married Jenny. DA. Which B. That C. This D. As3. Such signs _ we use in the experiment _ Greek letters. A A. as, are B. as, is C. that, are D. that, is4. I passed him a large glass of whisky, _ he drank immediately. C A. that B. as C. which D. who5. She is very good at dance, _ everybody knows. D A. that B. which C. who D. as6. It was raining, _ was a pity. D A. what B. that C. the which D. which7. _ has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules. DA. Which B. What C. That D. As8. We do the same work _ they do. B A. which B. as C. than D. like限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别区别一：形式不同 限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。区别二：功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)区别三：翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。区别四：含义不同I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)区别五：先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)区别六：关系词不同关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。1. This is the girl who/whom I met in the street. 2. A young man had a new girl friend，whom he wanted to impress. 先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom . This is the book（which/that）he lost yesterday. 先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省。介词+关系代词当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用“介词关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词which”。例如：The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives in is far away.The city in which she lives is far away.使用“介词关系代词”要注意以下几点：(一)选用介词的依据：(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。例如：Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hang Zhou is famous.(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。例如：The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week? (3) 根据句子的意思来选择。例如：The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.He lives in a lovely village, at the back of which is a hill. They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen. Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three(4) 表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。例如：I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Bing Xin, the famous writer. He has three sisters, all of whom are abroad.(二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for, take care of等。例如：The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正)The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误)I saw the watch that/which you are looking for ?The old man (who/whom/that) I am looking after is better .The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 30.(三) 关系代词whose+名词 引导的定语从句可转化为 the+名词+of+ which / whom 或 of+ which/whom+ the +名词结构；of 表所属关系。例如：The building whose roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.=The building of which the roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.= The building the roof of which was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.I live in a room whose windows are all broken.=I live in a room of which the windows are all broken.= I live in a room the windows of which are all broken.This is my teacher whose handwriting is excellent.= This is my teacher the handwriting of whom is excellent.= This is my teacher of whom the handwriting is excellent.（四）不定代词+of+ which/ whom 引导的定语从句可化为of+ which/ whom+ 不定代词 结构；这也是高考常考点。其中用到的不定代词有some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, 等等。例如:There are 40 students in our class, most of whom（=of whom most）like English.These are books written by Mark Twain, one of which（=of which one）was read to me by my fatherShe has two sons, neither of whom（=of whom neither）is a teacher.She has many books, none of which(=of which none) is interesting.介词+关系代词练习1.I will never forget the day _on which_ we studied together.2. That was the pen with whichhe wrote the letter.3.Do you like the book for which she paid $10?4. Do you like the book on which she spent $10? 5. This is the heroof whichwe are proud.6.There are three things _about which_ she is not sure.6. My glasses, without which I cant see, were lost yesterday.7. Mary has three sisters, the oldest of which is Lily. “介词关系代词”与关系副词的转化1. Do you know the date _ Lincoln was born?（BC）A. which B. on which C. when D. wherewhen作定从的时间状语，指时间,在从句中表示在.时间=in/on.+which先行词为时间名词2. The farm _ we picked cotton was 90 kilometers away.(BD)A. when B. where C. why D. on whichwhere作定从的地点状语，指地点,在从句中表示在.地点=in/on.+which先行词为地点名词(situation, business, case, point, surroundings, environment, scene等为地点概念的名词)3. I dont know the reason _ he looks unhappy.（BC）A .that B. why C. for which D. /I disapprove the reasons _ he came up with.(AD)A .that B. why C. for which D. /连接词作原因状语，指原因，表示“因为原因”，关系词用why=for which；连接词作主语或宾语，关系词用that或which。4.以way为先行词的定语从句问题I dont like the way _ he talked to his mother.A .that B. in which C. / D. howI dont like the way _ he chose to do it.A .that B. in which C. / D. how连接词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用that、in which或者省略；连接词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词用that或which。练习(“介词关系代词”与关系副词的转化 主宾状综合练习)1. This is the museum _where/in which_ my mother worked 10 years ago. (worked in the museum 地点状语)This is the museum _that/which_ was built in 1950. (the museum was build) （museum 主语）2. July 1, 1921 was the day when/on which our Party was founded(成立).(our Party was founded on the day 作状语）July 1, 1921 was the day that/which/不填 we will not forget.（we will never forget the day作宾语）3. I remember the days when/during which I lived in my home town. (I lived in my home town during the days 作状语） I remember the days that/which/不填I spent with my grandpa.（I spent the days with . the days作宾语）4. The house that/which/不填 were going to visit was built a century ago. (visit the house) The house that/which used to be a temple is a school now. (the house used to be a temple) The house where/in which he used to live was flooded. (he used to live in the house)5. A bookstore is a place where/in which you can get books. (you can get the books in the place) A bookstore is a place where/in which books are sold. (books are sold in the place) A bookstore is a place that/which sell books. (the place sells books)6. I cant find the card where/on which I wrote your address. ( I wrote your address on the card)I cant find the card that/which/不填 you gave to me.(you gave the card to me)7. The box where/in which he put his photos is gone. (he put his photo into the box) The box that/which he is carrying is heavy. (he is carrying the box)8. The hotel where/in which we stayed during our holiday stands by the seaside. (we stayed in the hotel) The hotel that/which stands by the seaside is quite comfortable. (the hotel stands by the seaside)9. The reason why/for which he did it is not clear. (he did it for .reason 作状语 ) The reason that/which/不填he gave to the teacher is unbelievable. (he gave the reason(宾语) to the teacher) 定状补状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作In the classroom, the boy calls the girl. 副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置） The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./ Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语： He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语） Frightened, he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语： The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语） To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语： Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句： 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句结果状语从句 目的状语从句 比较状语从句 倍数比较 1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj adv的原型+as+B 例如：The class is twice as big as that one. 2.A+系动词+倍数词+adjadv的比较级+than+B 例如：The class is twice bigger than that class. 3.A+系动词+倍数词+the sizeamount(数量)engthwidthheight depth+of+B 例如：The class is twice the size of that class.让步状语从句 条件状语从句状语从句一直都是全国和各省高考英语的热点和焦点之一。状语从句的考点具体可分为引导词、时态和语序。一、 引导词 英语中状语从句的引导词是高考的重点，它们强调从句与主句之间的关系，因此考生应该牢牢每个引导词的独特含义。状语从句分类及引导词含义一览表分 类引 导 词含 义时间状语从句when, whenever, , 当什么时候as一边一边while在期间before 在之前，未来得及since 自从after 在之后till until直到not-until/till直到才once一旦the moment, the minute,immediately, instantly, directly, as soon as, hardlywhen, no sooner.than一就the first/second time/last time第一、二/最后一次by the time到时间为止every time, each time 每次条件状语从句if, when如果unless如果不，除非on condition that条件是as/so long as,while只要suppose/supposing假设地点状语从句where哪里wherever无论哪里原因状语从句because因为since/now that 既然as由于目的状语从句so (that), in order that为了，以便in case以免、万一结果状语从句so that 结果sothat, such that如此以致于让步状语从句however,whatever, whenever,whoever no matter how/what/when/who无论though, although, as, while虽然、尽管whether-or not不管还是even though/if即使方式状语从句as, just as, 正如，像一样as if, as though好像the way以的方式比较状语从句than, 比asas 和一样not so/asas, 不如the more, the more 越越高考英语中有关状语从句的试题常常可以根据语境和上述引导词的含义进行判断和解答，因此，考生务必熟记状语从句引导词的含义。如：2007年高考英语全国卷一的26小题：I wont call you, _ something unexpected happens.A. unless B. whether C. because D. while 根据上述引导词的含义，就可知本试题考察了unless的“除非”含义，因此，答案选A。 【重要提醒】汉语中的“尽管”、“因为”等含义也可以用英语中的介词短语来表达。状语从句的引导词和介词短语或副词的区别就是，介词后只跟名词或代词，副词在句子中仅做状语但不引导从句，而状语从句的引导词只跟从句。现将常考的含有同样含义的介词短语与状语从句的引导词总结如下表：介 词 短 语/或副词对应状语从句引导词含 义in spite of / despite though/although尽管、虽然duringwhile 在期间because ofbecause 因为withas 随着in case ofin case 万一、以免in fear of for fear that 恐怕in time ofwhen 当时候therewhere哪里thenwhen 在那时试比较：While he stayed in Beijing, he often paid a visit to the Great Wall.During his stay in Beijing, he often paid a visit to the Great Wall.二、 时态状语从句的时态经常以考察时态用法的形式出现，也有时需要根据时态形式判断状语从句的引导词。状语从句的时态考题主要考察以下几点：1. It is +time+ since +过去时, It was time since+过去完成时。该句型的汉语意思为：“自从-多长时间了”。如：It is three years since Smith came to China.自从史密斯来中国三年了。Tom said that it was years since they had enjoyed ourself.汤姆说三年来他们没有这样快乐过。2.It is the first/second/third- time that +现在完成时； It was the first/second/third- time that+过去完成时。 该句型的意思就是“那是某人第一次做事”。如：It is the first time that China has held the World-cup Women Football Competition.那是中国第一次承办世界杯女子足球赛。It was the second time that so many foreigners had paid a visit to the Great Wall in a day.那是第二次有那么多的外国人在同一天内参观长城。3.By the time that+ 过去时，主句运用一般过去完成时。 该句型的意思是：“到-时间为止，-已经-”。如：By the time he was fourteen, Beethoven had composed more than 200 pieces of music.到他14岁为止，贝多芬已经谱曲200多首了。4.It is/will be/was +time before +一般现在时/过去时。 该句型的意思是“还有多长时间就。”如：It is nearly ten months before the 29th Olympics are held in Beijing.还有近10个月的时间第29届奥运会在北京举行。It was more than two weeks before everything returned to normal after the hurricane.台风过后两周多的时间一切才恢复正常。5.时间和条件状语用现在时代替将来时，也就是说：主句用一般将来时，则从句使用一般现在时；主句使用过去将来时，则从句使用过去将来时。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow; we will go on a field trip.如果明天不下雨，我们就去郊游。Unless you observed the traffic rules, the accident would occur in time. 如果你不遵守交通规则，交通事故迟早就会发生。6.hardly-when-, no sooner-than-主句使用过去完成时，从句是一般过去时。 该句型的意思就是：“一就”。如：No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain. 我刚刚离开家，天就开始下雨了。Hardly had we finished our homework when he came to visit us. 我们一完成我们的家庭作业，他就来访了。7.in order that & so that 引导的目的状语从句中，一般采用将来时态或情态动词+动词原形。如：Answer the question in a loud enough voice in order that you can be heard clearly.用足够大的声音回答这个问题，以便能够被清晰地听到。Many senior students are working hard so that they will go to college.许多高中生为了上大学正在努力学习。They got up early in order that they would catch the early bus.他们早起，目的就是赶上早班公共汽车。 三、 语序 状语从句的语序一般采用陈述语气，但如下状语从句“与众不同”。1as引导的让步状语从句，应采用如下语序：adj/adv/n./verb + as +S + V., + 主句。如：Hard as he worked, Bruce failed for the seventh time.Child as he is, the naughty boy knows more than some adults.Tried as Edison had for 1000 times, he never gave up. 说明：从句前为名词时，名词不加冠词。2however/no matter how 引导的让步状语从句使用感叹句语序。如：However busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.不管你有多忙，他总是坚持跟着你。No matter how late it is, your mother is always waiting for you to dinner. 不管天多晚，你的母亲总是等你一起进餐。3if/unless引导的条件状语从句中含有had或should或were时，可以将if/unless省略，将其提前。如：Had I had enough money(If I had had enough money), I would have bought a mobile phone.如果我有足够的金钱，我将买一部手机。Were I you (If I were you), I would accept the teachers suggestion.如果我是你，我将接受老师的建议。Should it rain tomorrow (If it should rain tomorrow), we would put off the sport meet.如果明天下雨的话，我们将推迟运动会。4.No sooner-than-& Hardly-when-结构中，如果no sooner 或hardly放置句首时，主句倒装。如：时态中的第6点。补语宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.区分宾补和双宾语英语中，有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语称为双宾语。句子结构为：主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语。如：My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。用来说明宾语的部分叫做宾语补足语。什么时候会出现宾语补足语呢？当一个句子有了（主+谓+宾）后，句意仍不清楚，这时补充一部分，句意就清楚了。如果这部分和宾语之间有逻辑上的“主+谓”的关系。也就是说，假设用宾语作主语，与后面的内容重新组成一个句子，其意义与原句的意义相符合，这时这部分就是宾语补足语。如果与原句意义不相符合，就是“双宾语”。如：1 We call her这时主谓宾都有了，但句意不清楚，加上Sister Li后就完整了。如果我们用宾语做主语，就可写成She is Sister Li. 此时，意义与原句相符合，所以Sister Li就是宾语补足语。2. shall I give you这时句子有了主谓宾，意义不完整。加上a dog. 就完整了。但我们不能说You are a dog. 所以这时a dog. 是直接宾语。You 是间接宾语。双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示的行为的人. 例如: They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语. 在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语. 如何区分双宾语和复合宾语(宾补) 某些及物动词后面能跟双宾语（即：间接宾语直