英语论文写作——如何引用ppt课件

Aboutquotationinthethesis,1,Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andtosupportourownevidence.Suchpracticenotonlyfitsourresearchintothelargerpictureofaparticularfieldofresearch,butalsolendsabasisandpersuasivenesstoourarguments.,2,DirectquotationParaphrasingSummarizing,Generallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:,3,Eachofthesethreewaysisusedextensivelyinacademicresearch.Asamatteroffact,academicresearchrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusinganyoutsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.,4,DirectQuotation:,Adirectquotationisexactlythesameastheoriginalandmustbeputinquotationmarks.Everythingwithinthequotationmarks,thatistosay,notonlythewordsbutalsothespelling,capitalizationandinteriorpunctuation,shouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.,5,Whentousedirectquotations,Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandsuccinctlythatwecannotimproveonit;Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview;,6,Whenweneedtoborrowaspecialtermorexpressionthatisaparticularwritersinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning;Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.,7,Howtousedirectquotation,1.Whenwedoquote,weshouldmakeeveryefforttoworkthedirectquotationintoourownstatementsothatitmaybecomepartofanorganicwhole.2.Useacolonifourdirectquotationisintroducedbyacompletesentence:,8,Sample1,SinclairLewis,thefirstAmericanNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1930,believedthatDreiserbetterdeservedtheprize:“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,9,3.Treatthedirectquotationaspartofthesentenceandpunctuateaccordinglyifitisnotintroducedbyacompletesentence:,10,Sample2,ToSinclairLewis,“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,11,1.Keepthequotationasbriefaspossible;2.Beaccurate.Whatappearsbetweenquotationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbecharged;3.Alwaysindicatethesourceofthequotation;,Weshouldobservethefollowingruleswhenusingdirectquotation:,12,4.Whenthequotationislessthanthreelines,incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks.Whenthequotationislongerthanthreelines,useaseparateandindentedparagraph,withoutquotationmarks,toindicatethequotation;,13,5.Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceorpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedthreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquotationstillhavetobeaccurate;,14,Sample2,ToSinclairLewis,“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,15,6.Thevolumeofdirectquotationsinanypieceofacademicwritingshouldbekeptwithin1020ofthetotalpaperlength.Toomuchquotedmaterialmayspoiltheoriginalityorstyleoftheacademicpaper.,16,Thefollowingexpressionsareoftenusedtoindicatethesourceofadirectquotation.Itisoftenadvisabletoincludewhenandwherethepersonsaidso.,17,AsXsaidAsXreportedAsXstatedAsXwroteAsXmentionedAsXmaintainedAsXinsistedAsXdeclaredXsaidXfurtherstatedXlaterinsistedXcontinuedXfirmlybelieved,18,2.paraphrasing,解释性说明,19,I.Thedefinitionofparaphrasing,Paraphrasingmeanstorestatetheideaofasentenceorpassageinashorterorsimplerform.,Academicwritersemployparaphrasingtoborrowideasandpreviousresearchfindingsinthefieldofstudy.,20,II.Theflexibilityexistsinatleastthreedifferentways:,1.Flexibilityinelaboratingtheoriginalideaifnecessaryforbetterandclearerunderstanding;2.Flexibilityinemphasisingdifferentaspectsoftheoriginalmaterialtosuitaparticularpurpose.3.Flexibilityinmodifyingthetoneandstyleoftheoriginalsourceforabetterfitintothecontextofthewriting.,21,example1：原文：Universityregistrationprocedures-onceanightmareoflists,lines,andpaperstrips-havebeenstreamlinedbyusingcomputers.译文：Computershavelessenedthepainsoftheprocessofuniversityregistration:itinvolvesfewerlists,lesswaiting,andmoreefficiency.,22,example2:原文：Poetry-theheightofalanguagesexpression-isperhapsthehardestaspectofthelanguageforthesecond-languagelearnertoconquer.译文：Themostdifficultpartofalanguageforanon-nativespeakerispoetry,themostprofoundandsubtleformofexpression.,23,example3:原文：Afamilyoflion,oftenconsistingofamale,twoorthreelionesses,theiroffspring,andperhapsayearlingortwo,iscalledapride.译文：Aprideisalionfamily,themembersofwhichareonemale,twoorthreefemales,theirbabies,andoneortwootheryounglionsaroundone-yearold.,24,III.Guidelinesforparaphrasing,1.Rule1Alwaysgivecredittothesourceofideaormaterialbeingparaphrased.Failingtodosoisregardedasdishonesty.,25,1)Inanarticle/astudybyX,.2)AsXpointsout,.3)Xstates.4)AstudybyXindicatesthat.5)Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat.6)ResearchbyXsuggeststhat.7)Xfound/discoveredthat.8)Xclaimsthat.9)Xarguesthat.,Thefollowingexpressionsandstructuresmaybeusedtointroduceaparaphrase:,后面的引文要加.吗？,26,2.Rule2Alwaysrestatetheideaindifferentvocabularyandsentencestructure.Amerechangeofafewwordswithoutchangingthestructuremayberegardedasplagiarismindisguise.,27,However,changingthevocabularydoesnotmeanthateverywordintheoriginalsentenceneedschanging.Ordinarywordsandspecialtechnicaltermsdonotrequireachange.,Only“characterwords”,thatshowastrongpersonalpreferenceandthereforearelikeawriterssignature,needchanging.There“characterwords”aremostlysubstancewordsnouns,verbs,specialadjectives,andunusualadverbs.Theymayalsobetermsorjargonthathavebeengivensomespecialmeaningbytheoriginalwriter.,28,Onewordineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordsismoreunuaualandhasthecapabilityofbecomingacharacterword.Pleaseidentifytheword.1.one,tick,was,and,man2.beautiful,cumbersome,interesting,important3.walk,run,amble,move4.late,delayed,tardy5.rule,maxim,law,onetaskofparaphrasingistoreplacethecharacterwordswithother,perhapsmoreordinarywordsandexpressions.,29,Mainlytwostepsareusedtoachievethispurpose:1.Identifyingthecharacterwordsandfindingappropriatesubstitutes(synonym)2.Understandingtheoriginalsentenceandrewritingitinanewframework,怎样做？,30,“Attitudesareselectivelyacquiredandintegratedthroughlearningandexperience”.(JohnD.Faust),译文：1.JohnD.Faustexpressestheviewthatthroughlearningandexperience,feelingsandattitudesarecarefullychosenandabsorbed.2.AsJohnD.Faustpointsout,individualschangetheirattitudesbecauseofthingstheylearnandthethingstheyexperience.,exercise：,31,Summarizing,Intermsoffrequencyofusewhencomparingdirectquotation,paraphrasing,andsummarizing,summarizingisprobablythemostcommonwayofthinking,writing,andorganizingidea.,32,Ifdirectquotationismostlyusedinbothfictionandnon-fiction,andifparaphrasingismostlyusedinbothlanguageteachingandacademicwriting,Summarizingisusedinalmosteveryaspectofhumanthinkingandcommunication.Wheneverwerecountastory,anideaoraneventintheformofmainideas,wearesummarizing.,33,Summarizingassumesvariousformsdependingonsuchfactorsaswhatandwhyyouaresummarizing.Asummaryofastorywillcontainsboththeeventsandthemotivesnotnecessarilyinchronologicalorder;,34,Asummaryofaprocesswillinvolveallthemainstages;Asummaryofaneventwillusuallylistthesubsectionsoftheeventinchronologicalorder;Asummaryofnewsarticlewillcontainanswerstothequestions“who,”:what,”“where,”“when,”“why,”and“how.”,35,Inacademicwriting,ourpresentconcern,summarizingisanimportantformofborrowingfromoutsidesourceswithoutplagiarizing.,36,Summarywritingforacademicpurposesusuallyfollowsthesesteps.,1.Readthesourcematerialcarefullyseveraltimestounderstandthecentralideaandthemainarguments,37,2.Writedownonaseparatepieceofpaperthecentralideaandthemainarguments.(andtheimportantsupportingideas,ifnecessary).Dependingonyourpurposes,minordetailsandminorexamplesmaybeomittedorincludedbetweenparentheses.3.Writethesummaryaccordingtotheskeletonwithoutreferringtothesourcematerial.,38,4.Checkthesummaryagainstthesourcematerialtoensurethatallthemainpointsareincludedforyourpurpose,removingatthesametimeanyunintendeddirectquotationorcharacterwords.Ifcertainkeywordsareneeded,usequotationmarkstoindicate.,39,Controlthelengthofthesummary.Althoughthelengthisflexibleaccordingtotheoccasion,asummaryisusuallylessthan200words.Forverylongsourcematerial(over10,000words,forexample),thesummarymaystillbeasshortasafewhundredwords.6.Mentionthesourceofthematerialinthetextofthesummary,ornoteitatendofthesummary,40,SalariesRiseinLinewithFeesByGeorgeWillEducationweeklyDecember15,2001Studentsareborr