诗歌理论介绍及诗歌修辞手法PPT课件.ppt

.,1,WHATISpoetry?,.,2,Variousdescriptionsaboutpoetry,Poetryisthehoneyofallflowers,thequintessenceofallscience,themorrowofwit,andtheveryphraseofangels.ThomasNashe,.,3,Variousdescriptionsaboutpoetry,IfIreadabookanditmakesmybodysocoldthatnofirecaneverwarmme,Iknowthatispoetry.IfIfeelphysicallyasifthetopofmyheadweretakenoff,Iknowthatispoetry.EmilyDickinson,.,4,Variousdescriptionsaboutpoetry,Poetryisalanguagethattellsus,throughamoreorlessemotionalreaction,somethingthatcannotbesaid.EdwinArlingtonRobison,.,5,Variousdescriptionsaboutpoetry,Poetryisthoughtexpressedandarrangedinsuchawaythatthefeelingsoftheauthorandthereaderharmonizewiththesoundofthewords.Itisusuallywrittensothattheaccentsorstressofsyllablescomeatregularintervals,thelinesareoffixedlength,withwordsofsimilarsoundattheendsofthelines.Theregularityofaccentiscalledrhythm,andthesimilarityofsoundiscalledrhyme.HenryHuizinga,.,6,ValueofLearningpoetry,Poetrybringsblessingtoourlifebothphysicallyandpsychologically.PoetrybringsthelightofknowledgeasawholePoetryisafundamentalwayofexpressinghumanemotionandthought.Appreciationofpoetryhelpsustofosteranaesthetictasteandloftysentiments.Itisalwayssummerinpoetry.,.,7,ValueofLearningpoetry,Itwouldbeanunimaginablelossforastudentofliberalartstobeshutawayfromthemagnificentmansionofpoetry.ThefollowingpoemwrittenbyEleanorFarjeonmayintrigueourmysteriouskeennesstolearnpoetry.,.,8,Poetry,Whatispoetry?Whoknows?Notarose,butthescentoftherose;Notthesky,butthelightinthesky;Notthefly,butthegleamofthefly;Notthesea,butthesoundofthesea;Notmyself,butwhatmakesmeSee,hear,andfeelsomethingthatproseCannot:andwhatitis,whoknows?,.,9,kindsofpoetry诗歌分类,Ballad(歌谣)Aballadisashortsimplenarrativepoemoftenrelatingadramaticevent.Balladssharethefollowingcharacteristics:a.Thebeginningisusuallyabrupt;b.Thelanguageissimple;c.Thestoryistoldthroughdialogueandaction;d.Thethemeisusuallytragic.e.Thereisoftenarefrain(叠句).,.,10,kindsofpoetry,Lyric（抒情诗）Alyricisshort,withinfiftyorsixtylines.Ittreatsthethoughtsandfeelings,usuallypowerfulemotionsofthepoetorsomeinventedspeaker.,.,11,kindsofpoetry,NarrativePoem(叙事诗）Apoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory.Epic(英雄史诗）Anepicisalongnarrativepoemofgreatscale规模andgrandiose宏伟的styleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriors勇士orevendemigods半人半神.,.,12,kindsofpoetry,Sonnet(十四行诗）Asonnetisalyricinvariablyoffourteenlines,usuallyiniambicpentameter五步抑扬格,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.Threetypesofsonnet:a.ShakespeanSonnet:ababcdcdefefggb.PetrarchanSonnet:abbaabbacdecdec.SpenserianSonnet:ababbcbccdcdee,.,13,kindsofpoetry,Ode（颂歌）anodeisadignifiedandelaboratestructurelyricpoemofsomelength,praisingandglorifyinganindividual,commemoratinganevent,ordescribingnatureintellectuallyratherthanemotionally.Elegy(挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）BlankVerse（无韵诗）FreeVerse（自由诗）,.,14,Elementsofpoetry诗歌元素,Rhyme（韵律）Itistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsound.Masculinerhyme阳性韵:whentherhymesoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable.E.g.“cold”and“bold”.Femininerhyme阴性韵:whentherhymesoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables.E.g.“spiteful”and“delightful”.,.,15,Elementsofpoetry,Iftheoneorbothrhymingwordsarewithintheline,itiscalledinternalrhyme中间韵.e.g.Thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother.Ifthebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines,itiscalledendrhyme尾韵.e.g.Threepoets,inthreedistantagesborn,Greece,Italy,andEnglanddidadorn.,.,16,Elementsofpoetry,Alliteration头韵istherepetitionofconsonants,esp.atthebeginningofwordsorstressedsyllables.e.g.WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping.Sinkorswim不管沉浮成败Fairandfoul好坏Safeandsound安然无恙Forgiveandforget既往不咎Timeandtide时间、光阴,.,17,Elementsofpoetry,Assonance类韵istherepetitionofsimilarsoundswithinanoticeablerange.e.g.Alldaythewindbreatheslowwithmellowertone/Throeveryhollowcaveandalleylone.late-make；killed-coldConsonance辅音韵istherepetitionofidenticalconsonantsoundsbeforeandafterdifferentvowels.e.g.“tit”and“tat”,“creak”and“crack”.,.,18,Elementsofpoetry,Meter(格律）Referstotheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Usually,astressedsyllableismarkedwith”/”andanunstressedsyllableismarkedwith“U”.,.,19,Elementsofpoetry,NamesforMeters格律名称:iamb抑扬格(iambic):1unstressedsyllablefollowedby1stressedsyllable.Thepatternis:U/anapest抑抑扬格(anapestic):2unstressedsyllablesfollowedby1stressedsyllable.Thepatternis：UU/torhee扬抑格(trochaic):1stressedsyllablefollowedby1unstressedsyllable.Thepatternis:/U,.,20,Elementsofpoetry,dactyl扬抑抑格(dactylic):1stressedsyllablefollowedby2unstressedsyllable：/UUspondee扬扬格(spondaic):1stressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable:/,.,21,Elementsofpoetry,Foot（音部）Referstoaunitofpoeticmetersofstressedandunstressedsyllables.,.,22,Elementsofpoetry,Namesforfeet音步名称:monometer单音步诗行:onefootdimeter二音步诗行:twofeettrimeter三音步诗行:threefeetpentameter五音步诗行:fivefeethexameter六音步诗行:sixfeethepatmeter七音步诗行:sevenfeetoctameter八音步诗行:eightfeetNotice:Meterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Footisappliedwithinasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline.,.,23,Elementsofpoetry,E.g.U/U/U/U/U/ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?U/U/U/U/U/Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.U/U/U/U/U/RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay.U/U/U/U/U/Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.,.,24,Elementsofpoetry,Asshownabove,thesyllablesarearrangedinthepatternoftheunstressedandstressed(U/),sothemeterisiambic.Andeachofthelinescontainsfiveiambicunit(iamb),sothelinesarewritteninpentameter.Themetricalrhythmoftheselinesisiambicpentameter.,.,25,Elementsofpoetry,Tone基调:thepose,mood,voice,attitudeandoutlookofthepoet.Itmaybe“cold”,“eager”,“uncertain”,“boastful”,or“protesting”,etc.Image意象Imagery意境:alltheimagesformedintoameaningfulwholeinapoemisoftencalleditsimagery.Theme主题,.,26,Elementsofpoetry,Poeticdevices诗歌修辞手法simile明喻metaphor隐喻暗喻conceit奇思妙喻personification拟人symbol象征ambiguity歧义onomatopoeia拟声hyperbole夸张Synaesthesia通感=感觉的转移Parody仿词Allusion典故,.,27,Antithesis对偶,Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天Giveeverymanthyear,butfewthyvoice.多听少说。Manyarecalled,butfewarechosen.,.,28,Whenthereisneedofsilence,youspeak,andwhenthereisneedofspeech,youaredumb;须静时你说，要说时你哑。whenyouarepresent,youwishtobeabsent,andwhenabsent,youdesiretobepresent;inpeaceyouareforwar,andinwaryoulongforpeace;incouncil协商中youdescant评论onbravery,andinthebattleyoutremble.协商时你谈论勇气，而战场上你只会战栗。,.,29,AmongEnglishwriterswhohavemadethemostabundantuseofantithesisarePope蒲伯,Young,Johnson,andGibbon;andespeciallyLyly约翰利利inhisEuphues尤弗依斯（1578）.,.,30,Zeugma拈连,用一个动词或形容词，来修饰两个以上名词，Family,religion,friendship.Thesearethethreedemons魔鬼youmustslay=killifyouwishtosucceedinbusiness.Mr.Burns,TheSimpsonsFriends,Romans,countrymen,lendmeyourears.WilliamShakespeare,JuliusCaesar,.,31,Lustconqueredshame,audacity大胆fear,madnessreason.Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.FrancisBacon.,.,32,Bothdeterminationandvirtuewillprevail;bothdedicationandhonor,diligenceandcommitment.,.,33,Syllepsis一笔双叙=一种特殊的zeugma,意义变化较大，或者其中一部分不符合语法或意义逻辑，Thebloodstainedhernewbrocadeandherhonor.血溅污了她的新织锦，玷污了她的荣誉。Shelostherheartandnecklessattheball.Theskyandmyhopesisfalling.Mr.JonestookhiscoatandhisleaveBothloudlightningandthundershookthetemplewalls.,.,34,Shewentstraighthomeinafloodoftears,andasedanchair.-CharlesDickensMyteethandambitionsarebared;beprepared!-Scar,fromTheLionKingShewasathief,yougottobelieve:shestolemyheartandmycat.FromthefilmSoIMarriedanAxeMurderer,.,35,Youarefreetoexecute执行；处死yourlaws,andyourcitizens,asyouseefit.FromthetelevisionprogramStarTrek:TheNextGenerationTherespeopleonthestreetusinggunsandknives,takingdrugsandeachotherslives.FlightoftheConchords,ThinkAboutIt,.,36,Pun双关,Homophonicpun谐音双关Atheismisanon-prophet=profitinstitution.无神论是一种非盈利性信仰。Question:WhydowestillhavetroopsinGermany?为什么还在德国驻留部队？Answer:TokeeptheRussiansinCzech=check.为了将苏联控制在捷克,.,37,Homographicpun语义双关,Order，please！Beer！Youcantuneaguitar,butyoucanttuna=tuneafish.Unlessofcourse,youplaybass=贝司；鲈鱼.“你可以弹吉他，但你不能弹奏鱼，除非你弹奏鲈鱼（贝司）。,.,38,Homonymicpun同音同形异义双关,Hehasnothingrightinhisleftbrain;Hehasnothingleftinhisrightbrain.他左脑想法离谱，他右脑空无一物。,.,39,Didyouhearaboutthelittlemoronwhostrainedhimselfwhilerunningintothescreendoor?你有没有听说过一个小傻瓜撞上纱门时还要使劲(过滤了过去=冲门而出)？Beinginpoliticsisjustlikeplayinggolf:youaretrappedinonebadlie（1谎言；2球位）afteranother。从政犹如打高尔夫：你总要陷于糟糕的球位（撒弥天大谎）。Lie是意义截然不同的两个词，但同音同形。,.,40,compoundpun复合双关,WhycanamanneverstarveintheGreatDesert?Becausehecaneatthesandwhichisthere.Butwhatbroughtthesandwichesthere?Why,NoahsentHam=ham,andhisdescendantsmustered=mustard芥末andbred=bread.Wheredomathematiciansgoonweekends?ToaMbiusstripclub!公用一个strip：Mbiusstrip=莫比乌斯环Stripclub=脱衣舞俱乐部,.,41,recursivepun递归双关第二层意义依赖于第一层,Hehasnothingrightinhisleftbrain;Hehasnothingleftinhisrightbrain.isonlyhalfapie.radians弧度is180degrees,orhalfacircle,andapieisacompletecircle.Infinityisnotinfinity.无限不在有限之中。,.,42,Non-humorouspunswereandareastandardrhetoricalandpoeticdeviceinEnglishliterature.Punsandotherformsofwordplayhavebeenusedbymanyfamouswriters,suchasAlexanderPope,JamesJoyce,VladimirNabokov,RobertBloch,LewisCarroll,JohnDonne,andWilliamShakespeare,whoisestimatedtohaveusedover3,000punsinhisplays.,.,43,ShakespearesRichardIII理查德三世,NowisthewinterofourdiscontentmadeglorioussummerbythissonofYork(Son=sun),.,44,AHymntoGodtheFather神父赞美诗,WhenThouhastdone,ThouhastnotdoneForIhavemore.thatatmydeathThySonShallshineasheshinesnow,andheretoforeAndhavingdonethat,Thouhastdone;Ifearnomore.JohnDonne约翰.多恩,marriedtoAnneMore,usespunsrepeatedly:Son=sun”2compoundpunsonDonne/doneandMore/more.All3arehomophonic:“more”homographic+capitonymic.,.,45,Paradox似非而是的精警,年年难过年年过，处处无家处处家。Hastemakeswaste欲速则不达。Childisthefatherofman.Thetimeoflifeisshort;tospendthatshortnessbasely,itwouldbetoolong.Shakespeare人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。,.,46,“Warispeace.”“Freedomisslavery.”“Ignoranceisstrength.”(GeorgeOrwell,1984),.,47,E.Ray.BraduryThevacation假期,Thelanddidnotmove,butmoved.Theseawasnotstill,yetwasstill.Paradoxflowedintoparadox,stillnessmixedstillness,soundwithsound.大地止而亦行，大海动而亦静。万寂交而万籁和，若真若假，若是若非。,.,48,Theswiftesttravelerishethatgoesafoot.HenryDavidThoreau,Walden梭罗瓦尔登湖,.,49,Ifyouwishtopreserveyoursecret,wrapitupinfrankness.AlexanderSmith,.,50,红楼梦,宝钗笑道：“你的绰号早有了，无事忙三个字恰当得很。”“Youvealreadygotone,”Baochaichuckled,“MuchAdoaboutNothingisjustthenameforyou.”,.,51,Oxymoron矛盾修饰法,deafeningsilence甜蜜的伤心amournfuloptimist悲伤的乐观主义者agreeablemelancholy令人舒适的忧郁pleasantsorrow凄美jarringsilence刺耳的沉默pleasantmalady令人愉快的疾病,.,52,cruelkindness严酷的仁慈truelies真实的谎言enclosedfreedom封闭的自由bitter-sweetmemories伤心但愉快的回忆Themotherisundergoingthejoyfulpainandthepainfuljoyofchildbirth.,.,53,徐志摩的赠日本女郎,最是那一低头的温柔，像一朵水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞，道一声珍重，道一声珍重，那一声珍重里有甜蜜的忧愁沙扬娜拉！这是徐志摩于1924年陪泰戈尔游历东瀛岛国日本时写的长诗沙扬娜拉十八首中的最后一首。这首玲珑之作表现了浪漫诗人的灵动与风流情怀。诗中末尾的“甜蜜的忧愁”作为全诗的诗眼，就是运用了矛盾修辞法。这里，诗人采用对立情绪产生的矛盾效果，浪漫地表达了自己的情感，真可谓悠悠离愁，万种风情，一切尽在不言中。,.,54,RomeoandJuliet罗密欧与朱丽叶,Why,then,Obrawlinglove!Olovinghate!Oanything,ofnothingfirstcreate!Oheavylightness!Seriousvanity!Mis-shapenchaosofwell-seemingforms!Featheroflead,brightsmoke,coldfire,sickhealth!Still-wakingsleepthatisnotwhatitis!ThislovefeelI,thatfeelnoloveinthis.(RomeoandJuliet)啊，吵抄闹闹的相爱，亲亲热热的怨恨！啊，无中生有的一切！啊，沉重的轻浮，严肃的狂妄，整齐的混乱，铅铸的羽毛，光明的烟雾，寒冷的火焰，憔悴的健康，永远觉醒的睡眠，否定的存在！我感觉到的爱情正是这么一种东西，可是我并不喜爱这一种爱情。,.,55,美国著名短篇小说家欧亨利,Ithasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatman,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.(它有我从未见过的最贫穷的百万富翁、最渺小的伟人、最傲慢的乞丐、最丑陋的美人、最矮的摩天大楼和最令人伤心的快乐。),.,56,英国桂冠诗人AlfredTennyson（18091892）,HishonourrootedindishonourstoodAndfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故，而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚。在这句诗中，诗人巧妙运用dishonour修饰honour,unfaithful修饰faith,falsely修饰true,从而形成一系列的语义对立，产生出了鲜明的矛盾修辞效果。,.,57,Palindrome回文,Youcancageaswallow,cantyou?Butyoucantswallowacage,canyou?Eva,canIstabbatsinacave?,.,58,Sopatientadoctortodoctorapatientso.Themelodywasold;oldalsowerethewords.,.,59,.,60,Anadiplosis顶真,Hegavehislife;lifewasallhecouldgive.Informationisnotknowledge,knowledgeisnotwisdom,wisdomisnottruth,truthisnotbeauty,beautyisnotlove,loveisnotmusicandmusicisthebest.FrankZappa,.,61,“Minebethylove,andthylovesusetheirtreasure.”Shakespeare,Sonnet20.Queeg:Aboardmyship,excellentperforma