英语国家概况(澳大利亚)

Chapter16Australia,GeographyAustraliaslargestandoldstcity.Melbourne:thecapitalcityofVictoria;AustraliassecondlargestcityBrisbane:thecapitalofQueenland;Australiasthirdlargestcity,MajorCities,History,EarlyHistoryDiscoveryandExplorationEuropeanSettlementColonizationTheRoadTowardFederationAustraliainthe20thCentury,EarlyHistory,1.TheAborigineswerethefirstinhabitantsofAustralianfromsoutheastAsiaatleast50,000yearsagoandtheymainlylivedinthenortherncoast,thesoutheastandTasmania.2.Thereasonwhytheymigratedisthatitwasaperiodwhenlowsealevelspermittedthesimplestformsoflandandwatertravel.3.Thewayoftheirliving:anomadicorsemi-nomaniclife4.TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtoolandtheyhadauniquerelationshipwiththeenvironment,theirreligiousbeliefswerefirmlylinkedtothelandandthoselivingthings.,MajorCities,Perth:thecapitalofWesternAustralia;Australiasfourthlargestcity;thelargestcityintheWesternAustralia;Adelaide:thecapitalofSouthAustralia;Australiasfifthlargestcity;Darwin:thecapitaloftheNorthernTerritory;theonlylargecityinnorthernAustralia,FiresTickFarming,TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtool,theyclearedareasusingfireinordertostimulatethegrowthofgrazingpasturesanddriveoutsmallanimalsthattheycouldeasilycapture,whichiscalledfirestickingfarming.,Discoveryandexploration,Discovery:ThefirstEuropeansightingofAustralianwasin1606bytheDutchnavigatorWillemJanszooandhesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula(约克角半岛）.,Exploration:1.Development:Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastline.Butwiththeincreasingknowledgeofthecontinent,nofurtherdetailedexploration.2.Capture:theEnglishcaptain,JamesCook,namedtheeasterncoastofAustralianNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimeditforBritain.,Discoveryandexploration,EuropeanSettlement,Causes:theindustrialrevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietyalmostentirelydependentonagriculturetoatown-centeredoneengagedincreasinglyincommercialmanufacturing.However,therapidpopulationgrowthinLondonandotherareasalsobroughtaboutvarioussocialproblems.TherisingcrimeratecompelledBritaintofindsomewheretohousethepopulationofitsovercrowdedprisons.,PenalSettlements1783:theAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBayinAustralia.Difficultyinitialfailuresinfarming.SolutioncaptainjohnMacarthurbeganbreedingfinemerinosheepfortheirwool.,EuropeanSettlement,FirstpermanentcolonyThegroupfoundtheBotanyBayisanunsuitablechoice,sotheymovednorthtoSydneyonJanuary26,1788,adatenowcelebratedasAustraliaday.Here,PhillipestablishedBritainsfirstpermanentcolony.Newcolonies:HobartinTasmania(1804)BrisbaneatMoretonBay(1824)AlbanyinWesternAustralia(1826),EuropeanSettlement,Colonization,Newcolonies:newsouthWales(1788),Tasmania(1852),westernAustralia(1830),southAustralia(1836),Victoria(1851),Queensland(1859)Growthofsheepgrazing:bothfarmingandminingindustriesunderwentrapiddevelopment.Large-scalegrazingalsodevelopedinthe1830sand1840swhennewsettlersestablishedhugesheepruns.Goldrush:duetothegoldrush,whichmadeadramaticcontributiontothegrowthoftheeconomy,thepopulationexpandedrapidly.,TheRoadTowardFederation,1889:NSWbeganthemovementtoreplacetheFederalCouncil.HenryParkesannouncedthatthecolonywouldsupportanewformoffederalism1900:thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablished,Australiainthe20thCentury,“WhiteAustraliaPolicy”In1901,thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandbecomeaself-governingdominionofBritishEmpireIn1901,passimmigrationRestrictionAct0torestrictnon-Europeanimmigrants,WWI:disastertoAustraliaa:1.FollowBritainintothewarinAugustat19142.TotalAustralianmen3million;330,000volunteeredtothewarb:NationalistPartywasresignedandsubsequentlyfoundedbyWilliamHughesc:1.ANZAC-theAustraliantroops,joinedbyNewZealandforces,wascalledAustralian-NewZealandArmyCorps2.April,25becametheAnzacDayin1915d:Benefits:1.Agricultureandminingindustrieswerebooming2.Rapidindustrialgrowthintheyearsfollowingthewar,Australiainthe20thCentury,Interwaryears:TheGreatDepressiona:In1923,economicdevelopmentplan:”men,moneyandmarkets”b:TheGreatDepressionofthe1930s1.mainexternalcause-thecollapseofwoolandwheatpricesandcessationofoverseasloans2.asecessionistmovementdevelopedinWesternAustralia,Australiainthe20thCentury,TheDevelopmentInSep.1951-ANZUSTreatyIn1972,TheWhitlamgovernment19831996,theAustralianLaborgovernmentUnderBobHawkeandPaulKeatingIn1996,theHowardgovernmentInNov.1999-apublicreferendumTheSydneyOlympicGames&theSydney1ParalympicGames,Australiainthe20thCentury,WWII:FollowedBritaintothewarinSep.1939InMay&June1942,JapanattackedSydneyHarborandNewcastle1.DevelopedaforeignpolityindependentofBritain2.ThebeginningofaprofoundshiftinAustraliasallegianceawayfromBritainUnitedStateshelpedprotectAustraliafromtheJapaneseintheBattleoftheCoralSeaAustralianservicemenmadesignificantcontributionstotheAlliedvictoryEnteredaboomperiodintheendofthewar,Australiainthe20thCentury,Postwarpeace&prosperity“TheLuckyCountry”1.Almost100%employmentrate