Plan衡量你的财务体质并进行规划

Chapter2,MeasuringYourFinancialHealthandMakingaPlan衡量你的財務體質並進行規劃,PrenticeHallInc.,2,UsingaBalanceSheettoMeasureYourWealth使用資產負債表來衡量你的財富,Personalbalancesheet:thefinancialPolaroid個人資產負債表：財務拍立得Thefinancialequation:calculatingnetworthorequity財務方程式：計算淨值AssetsLiabilities=NetWorth資產負債=淨值,PrenticeHallInc.,3,YourAssets:WhatYouOwn資產：你所擁有的,Monetary貨幣性資產Investment投資Retirementplans退休計畫Realestate不動產Automobilesandothervehicles汽車Personalproperty個人財產Othertangibleandintangibleassets其他財產,PrenticeHallInc.,4,MonetaryAssets:貨幣性資產,Cashorotherassetsthatcanbeeasilyconvertedintocash現金或其他容易變成現金的資產Theseassetsprovidenecessaryliquidityincaseofanemergency.這種資產可以在緊急需要時提供變現的流動性Examplescash,checkingaccounts,savingsaccounts例如現金、支票存款、存摺存款。,PrenticeHallInc.,5,InvestmentAssets:投資資產,Assetsthatareinvestedforthefuture為了未來所投資的資產Theseassetsareusedtoaccumulatewealthtosatisfyagoal.這些資產是用來累積財富以達成特殊目的Examplesstocks,bonds,mutualfunds,cashvaluelifeinsurance例如股票、債券、共同基金、人壽保險的現金價值,PrenticeHallInc.,6,RetirementPlans:退休計畫,Investmentsbyyouoryouremployertosaveforretirement由你或你的老闆所投資，以儲存你的退休金。Long-terminvestmentsthatoftencarryapenaltyifusedbeforeacertainage長期投資，如果你在某一年齡前提領，可能有罰則Examplespensions,IRAs,401(k),403(b),Keogh,orSEP-IRAplans例如-退休金、IRAs,401(k),403(b),Keogh,orSEP-IRA計畫,PrenticeHallInc.,7,Housing/RealEstate:房屋/不動產,Tangibleassetsuchaslandandadwelling,reportedasfairmarketvalue有形資產例如土地和建物，以市價認定Representsmostofyoursavings,andnormallyappreciatesinvalue顯示出你的所有積蓄之所在，以及其增值。Examplesprimaryresidence,vacationhome,rentalproperties例如主要的住所、渡假小屋以及出租資產,PrenticeHallInc.,8,AutomobilesandOtherVehicles:汽車,Tangibleassetsthatnormallymustbeinspectedandlicensed有形資產必須要定期檢驗以及取得牌照的資產Reportedasfairmarketvalue,butnormallydepreciateinvalue以市價來認定，但是必須要扣除折舊Examplescars,trucks,motorcycles,andrecreationalvehicles例如汽車、卡車、摩托車、和休閒的交通工具,PrenticeHallInc.,9,PersonalProperty:個人資產,Tangibleassetsthatrepresentyourlifestyle有形資產用以顯示你的生活型態Reportedasfairmarketvalue,butnormallydepreciateinvalue以市價來認定，但是必須要扣除折舊Examplesboats,furniture,electronics,clothing,jewelry例如船、傢俱、家電、衣服以及珠寶。,PrenticeHallInc.,10,OtherAssets:其他資產,Anyothertangibleorintangibleassetthatmayormaynotbeofvalue其他有形或無形的資產，可能具有價值或可能能不具價值Examplesbusinessownership,collections,moneyowedyou例如企業所有權、個人收藏、債權,PrenticeHallInc.,11,YourLiabilities:WhatYouOwe你的負債：你所賒欠的,Current流動負債Long-term長期負債,PrenticeHallInc.,12,CurrentLiabilities流動負債,Currentliabilitiesareliabilitiesthatmustbepaidoffwithinthenextyear.流動負債就是必須在一年內清償的負債Examplescreditcards,currentutilitybills,andshort-termloans例如信用卡、水電電話帳單、短期借款,PrenticeHallInc.,13,Long-termLiabilities長期負債,Long-termliabilitiesareliabilitiesthatextendbeyondoneyear.長期負債就是在一年以後才要還的負債Exampleshomemortgageandautoloans例如房屋抵押借款與汽車借款,PrenticeHallInc.,14,YourNetWorth:AMeasureofYourWealth你的淨值：衡量你的財富,Insolvency:doyouowemorethanyouown?無法清償債務：你所欠的是否大於你所有的?Howageaffectsnetworthguidelines淨值要與年齡相比較Usesofabalancesheet使用資產負債表,PrenticeHallInc.,15,UsinganIncomeStatementtoTraceYourMoney使用損益表來追蹤你的財務,Personalincomestatementthefinancialmotionpicture個人損益表財務動態影片Cashbasis:statementbasedentirelyonactualcashflow現金基礎：報表全部基於實際現金流量來編製,PrenticeHallInc.,16,Income:WhereYourMoneyComesFrom收益：你的財務從何而來,Sourcesofincome:wages,tips,royalties,salary,andcommissions收入的來源：工資、小費、權利金、薪水和佣金Incomeisamountearned,notnecessarilyamountreceived.收入是已賺得的金額，不一定是已收到的金額,PrenticeHallInc.,17,Expenditures:WhereYourMoneyGoes支出：你的財富往何處去,Thetwomajorexpenditurecategories:taxesandlivingexpenses兩個主要的支出分類：稅金和生活費Fixedexpenses:Expensesyoudontdirectlycontrole.g.,mortgage,rent,cableTV固定費用：無法直接控制的支出例如抵押借款利息、租金、有線電視費Variableexpense:Expensesyoucancontrole.g.,food,entertainment,clothing變動支出：你可以控制的支出例如：食物、休閑娛樂、治裝費,PrenticeHallInc.,18,WhereDoesItGo,OnAverage?平均來說，家庭支出都用到什麼地方？,Taxes,food,housing,medicalcare稅金、食品、居住、醫療。Themoreearned,themorespentoneducationandentertainment賺的越多，對教育及娛樂花費越多。,PrenticeHallInc.,19,UsingRatios:AFinancialThermometer使用比率：一個財務的溫度計,Question1:Doyouhaveadequateliquiditytomeetemergencies?問題1：你有適當的能力去解決危急狀況嗎？Question2:Doyouhavetheabilitytomeetyourdebtobligations?問題2：你有能力去面對你的債務責任嗎？Question3:Areyousavingasmuchasyouthinkyouare?問題3：你可以存和你想要的一樣多的錢嗎？,PrenticeHallInc.,20,Question1:DoYouHaveAdequateLiquidity?問題1：你有適當的變現能力嗎？,Ratiostodeterminewhetherornotyouhaveenoughmonetaryassets(1)topayforanunexpectedlargeexpenseor(2)totideyouoverduringperiodsofreducedoreliminatedearnings.用來衡量你是否有足夠的貨幣性資產以(1)支付未預期的大筆費用，或(2)協助你在所得降低或者某項收入完全不見時之需Currentratio流動比率Monthslivingexpensescoveredratio每月生活支出涵蓋比率,PrenticeHallInc.,21,CurrentRatio流動比率,monetaryassets貨幣性資產currentliabilities流動負債Thisratioshowsyouwhetheryouhaveenoughliquidassetstocoverexpensescurrentlydue.這個比率顯示你是否有足夠的變現資產支應你的目前到期的費用,PrenticeHallInc.,22,CurrentRatioInterpretation流動比率的解釋,Ratiogreaterthan2recommended流動比率最好大於2Trackthetrendandifgoingdownmakechanges當此比率有下跌的趨勢時設法改善,PrenticeHallInc.,23,MonthsLivingExpensesCoveredRatio每月生活支出涵蓋比率,monetaryassets貨幣性資產monthslivingexpenses每月生活費用Thisratiotellsyouhowmanymonthsoflivingexpensesyoucancoverwithyourpresentlevelofmonetaryassets.這個比率告訴你：以現在的貨幣性資產水準，可以供應你幾個月的生活費用,PrenticeHallInc.,24,MonthsLivingExpensesCoveredRatioInterpretation每月生活支出涵蓋比率的解釋,Theruleofthumb:3to6monthsofexpenses經驗法則：3到6個月的生活費用Factorsthataffecttheruleofthumb:影響經驗法則的因素：Availablecreditcardsorhomeequityloans信用卡可用額度或房屋權益貸款額度Potentialforhigherearningsonlessliquidaccounts較低流動性的帳戶可以獲得較高報酬的潛力。Stabilityofincome所得的穩定性Trackthetrendandifgoingdownmakechanges.當此比率有下跌的趨勢時設法改善,PrenticeHallInc.,25,Question2:CanYouMeetYourDebtObligations?問題2：我有能力去面對我的債務責任嗎？,Ratiostodeterminewhetherornotyoucanmeetcurrentorlong-termdebtobligations:決定你是否有能力可以面對短期或長期的債務責任的比率有：Debtratio負債比率Long-termdebtcoverageratio長期負債支應比率,PrenticeHallInc.,26,DebtRatio負債比率,totalliabilities總負債totalassets總資產Thisratiotellsyouwhetheryoucouldpayoffallyourliabilitiesifyouliquidatedallyourassets.這個比率告訴你如果你將你的資產變現後，你可以支付負債的程度。,PrenticeHallInc.,27,DebtRatioInterpretation負債比率的解釋,Representspercentageofassetsfinancedwithborrowing表示你的借款佔資產的百分比。Trackthetrend;ratioshouldgodownwithage追蹤趨勢：這個比率應該隨年齡而下降。,PrenticeHallInc.,28,Long-termDebtCoverageRatio長期負債支應比率,totalincomeavailableforlivingexpenses可供生活費用的總收入totallong-termdebtpayment長期負債的總支付額Thisratiotellsyouhowmanytimesyoucouldmakeyourdebtpaymentswithyourcurrentincome.這個比率告訴你，你目前的所得是你借款支付額的倍數,PrenticeHallInc.,29,Long-termDebtCoverageRatioInterpretation長期負債支應比率的解釋,Ratioof2.5orgreaterrecommended本比率最好大於2.5倍Trackthetrendandifgoingdownmakechanges當此比率有下跌的趨勢時設法改善Considertheinversethepercentageoftake-homepayneededtorepaydebt可以考慮這個比率的倒數用長期負債的總支付額除以可供生活費用的總收入,PrenticeHallInc.,30,Question3:AreYouSavingAsMuchAsYouThink?問題3：我可以存和我想要的一樣多的錢嗎？,Ratiotodeterminewhetheryouaresavingasmuchofyourincomeasyouthink:決定你是否可以從所得中存下你所想要的錢的比率就是：Savingsratio儲蓄比率,PrenticeHallInc.,31,SavingsRatio儲蓄比率,incomeavailableforsavings可供儲蓄的收入incomeavailableforlivingexpenses可供生活費用的收入Thisratiotellsyouwhatproportionofyourafter-taxincomeisbeingsaved.這個比率告訴你，稅後所得用於儲蓄的部分,PrenticeHallInc.,32,SavingsRatioInterpretation儲蓄比率的解釋,U.S.ratetypically3%-8%基本上應該有3%-8%Varieswithstageofthefinanciallifecycleandgoals要視不同的理財生命週期而有所變動,PrenticeHallInc.,33,RecordKeeping保持紀錄,Thethreereasonsforaccuraterecordkeeping:保持確實詳細紀錄有三個原因：Preparingtaxes報稅的需要Trackingexpenses追蹤花費Providinginformationforotherstouseintheeventofanemergency當其他人再處理警急狀況時，有更詳細的資訊,PrenticeHallInc.,34,RecordKeeping(contd)保持紀錄(續),Thetwostepsofrecordkeeping:保持紀錄的兩個步驟：Trackingyourpersonalfinancialdealings追蹤你個人的財務事項Storingyourfinancialrecordsinanaccessiblemanner保存你的理財紀錄,PrenticeHallInc.,35,WaystoTrackExpenditures追蹤支出的方法,Usingchecksandcreditcards:Thoseexpendituresleaveapapertrail使用支票和信用卡：這種支出會保有書面的紀錄Usingcash:Recordexpendituresinanotebookorledger使用現金：紀錄在筆記本或收支簿裡Generatingamonthlyincomeandexpensestatement編製一個月的收入和費用報表(月損益表)Usingcomputerprogramstotrackallfinancialtransactions使用電腦程式來追蹤所有的財務交易Learninghowandwheretokeeprecords學習如何保存和維持這些紀錄,PrenticeHallInc.,36,PersonalIncomeTaxes個人所得稅,Keepalltax-relatedreceiptsandrecordsfor6years.保存報稅相關收據及紀錄至少六年Alwayskeepaccuratetaxrecordsintheeventofanaudit.在稅務員查帳時，永遠保有最正確的紀錄,PrenticeHallInc.,37,AFinancialPlan:理財規劃：APlanfortheFuture為未來編製一個計畫,Evaluateyourfinancialhealth:balancesheet,incomestatement,andratios.評估你的財務體質：資產負債表，損益表，和比率。Defineyourfinancialgoals:youmustknowhowmuchyoucansave.定義你的理財目標：你要知道你必須存多少錢。Developaplanofaction:usetheincomestatementandacashbudget.發展一個行動計畫：使用損益表和現金預算。Implementyourplan:Justdoit!執行你的計畫：現在就做Reviewyourprogress,reevaluate,andreviseyourplan:覆核你的進度，重新評估，和修正你的計畫：backtothebalancesheet,incomestatement,ratios,andbudget.回到資產負債表、損益表、比率和預算。,PrenticeHallInc.,38,ACashBudget:現金預算：APlanforToday今日的計畫,Aplanforcontrollingcashinflowsandoutflows控制現金收入和支出的計畫Purpose:TobalanceincomewithexpendituresANDsavings目的：從收入中去平衡支出和儲蓄的比重,PrenticeHallInc.,39,PuttingItAllTogether:Budgeting將它放在一起：預算,Evaluateyourfinancialhealthandyourfinancialplan評估你的財務體質和你的理財規劃Developacashbudget發展一套現金預算Implementacashbudget執行現金預算,PrenticeHallInc.,40,DevelopingaCashBudget發展一個現金預算,Examinelastyearstotalincomeandadjustforthecurrentyear.檢視你去年的總收入調整今年的收入金額。Estimateyourtaxliability.估計你的稅負Identifyallfixedexpenditures.確認所有的固定支出。Identifyallvariableexpenditures.確認所有的變動支出。Lookforwaystoreduceyourvariableexpenses.找出降低變動支出的方法。Considertheeffectofcreditpaymentsonfutureincome.了解信用支出對未來所得的影響。,PrenticeHallInc.,41,CalculatingtheBottomLine計算底線,PrenticeHallInc.,42,CalculatingtheBottomLine計算底線(上張投影片翻譯),稅後所得(可供生活費用的總收入)生活費用=可儲存的金額目標支出減少賺多一點降低目標水準,PrenticeHallInc.,43,ImplementingaCashBudget執行現金預算,Trythebudgetforonemonth.試著作一個月的預算Adjusttheplanoryourexpensesasnecessarytomaintaintheplan.為了維持計畫，調整計畫或者調整你的費用Trytheenvelopesystem.採用信封控制法,PrenticeHallInc.,44,ManagingYourOwnAffairsVersusHiringaProfessional自己理財或委由專家理財,Your3options:你有三個選擇Goitalone,makeaplanandhaveitcheckedbyaprofessional.做你自己的計畫，然後讓專家檢查。Workwithaprofessionalanddevelopaplan.和專家一起擬定計畫。Lettheprofessionaldoitall.完全讓專家處理。,PrenticeHallInc.,45,PayingYourFinancialPlanner:理財規劃師的付費方式,Fee-onlyplannersderiveincomefromchargingtheclientfortheserviceprovidedorforafinancialplan.只有在他提供服務時或進行理財規劃時收費。Commission-basedplannersderiveincomefromthesaleoffinancialproducts.佣金導向的顧問，只有在向客戶銷售理財商品時，收取佣金。Someplannerschargeacombina