儿童血液病全英文版

Haematologicaldisorders,FeaturesofhematopoiesisinchildrenPrenatalhematopoiesisHematopoiesisafterbirth,introduction,PrenatalhematopoiesisMesoblastichematopoiesisbegins:3wdecreases:6wceases:10wLiverandspleenhematopoiesisliverbegins:8wpeak:5mdiminish:6mcease:45dsafterbirthspleenbegins:3mMyeloidhematopoiesisincreases:6mpredominant:3trimester,introduction,Postnatalhematopoiesismyeloidhematopoiesisbonemarrow:redmarrowyellowmarrowinlongboneswhen5to7ysExtramedullaryhematopoiesis,introduction,Extramedullaryhematopoiesiswhensevereinfectionorhemolysisoccurs,whichrequiresmoreblood-forming,extramedullaryhematopoiesisappearswiththesignsincludinghepatosplenomegalyandenlargementoflymphnodes,erythroblastsor/andgranuloblastsinperipheralblood.,introduction,Areductioninthenumberoftheredbloodcellsorthequantityofhemoglobintobelownormallevelsinspecificperipheralbloodvolume,Anemia,Definition,Anemia,Diagnosticcriteria,Degree,Thedegreeofanemia,Anemia,Etiologicclassification,Decreasedofimpairedproductionoferythrocytesorhemoglobinnutritionalanemia:deficiencyofvit12/folicandironaplasticanemia:bonemarrowfailureandsuppressionanemiacausedbydiseases:infection,neoplasmHemolyticanemiaincreaseddestructionoferythrocytesHemorrhagicanemiabloodloss,classification,Anemia,LackofsufficientironforsynthesisofhemoglobinHypochromicmicrocyticanemia6m-2ys,Introduction,IDA,InadequatefetalstoresofironInadequateintakeofdietaryironRapidgrowthrateExcessivelossofimpairedabsorptionofiron,Etiology,IDA,InadequatefetalstoresofironprematuremultiplebirthslowbirthweightperinatalbloodlossmotherwithsevereIDA,Etiology,IDA,Inadequateintakeofdietaryironhumanmilkcowsmilkcereals,Etiology,IDA,Rapidgrowthrateinfantsandadolescentspremature,Etiology,IDA,Excessivelossofimpairedabsorptionofironchronicintestinalbloodloss:heatlabileprotein,polyps,pepticulcer,epistaxis,heavymensesinappropriatediet,gastroenteritis,deformity,diarrhea,Etiology,IDA,commonmanifestationsPallorFatigable,weak,irritableorspiritlessUnderweightorgainweightslowlyininfantsDizzinessandtinnitusinolderchildrenExtramedullaryHemopoiesisslighthepatosplenomegaly,Clinicalmanifestations,IDA,GastrointestinalsyndromeanorexiavomitingdiarrheastomatitisglossitisPica,Clinicalmanifestations,IDA,Nervoussyndromemoreinattentiveirritablefailurememoryschool-agechildrenscorelesswellonteststhantheirhealthycounterparts,Clinicalmanifestations,IDA,Cardiovascularsyndrome,Clinicalmanifestations,IDA,TachycardiaandsystolicmurmursCardiacdilation/heartfailureinseriousanemiacases,OthersyndromeDryskinyellowhair“spoon-shaped”fingernails,Clinicalmanifestations,IDA,Laboratoryfindings,Bloodfilm:HBRBCRBCmicrocyticandhypochromicBonemarrow:hypercellular,witherythroidhyperplasia,andintermediateandlateerythroblastsarepredominant,IDA,EliminationoftheunderlyingcausesBloodtransfusedIronsupplements,Treatment,IDA,Eliminationoftheunderlyingcauses,ArrangeproperfoodCorrectunhealthydietaryhabitsAddfoodrichofironandvitaminCTreatunderlyingdiseases,IDA,Treatment,Ironsupplements,OralironsupplementsadministeredDailydosage:26mg/kg,tidCourseoftherapy:ironmedicationshouldbecontinuedfor2to3monthsafterbloodvaluesarenormalMedications:ferroussulfate(硫酸亚铁)ferrousgluconate(葡萄糖酸亚铁)ferrorsfumarate(富马酸铁)Parenteralironpreparation:injectionofirondextran,IDA,Treatment,ActivityintolerancehypoxemiaofbodyorgansandtissuesAlterednutritionlessthanbodyrequirementsinadequatesupply,malabsorption,excessiveloss,orincreasedconsumptionofiron,Nursingdiagnoses,IDA,ChildshowsalleviatedleveloffatigueandimprovedactivitytoleranceTheparentscanchoosefoodrichinironforthechildwithIDA,cancomplywithintroductiontoadministerironsupplementstoensureironintake,Anticipatedgoals,IDA,MaintainrestandproperactivitytodecreasetissueoxygenneedsDietarymanagementInstructtheadministrationofironObservetreatmenteffectsInfectioncontrolHealtheducation,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Maintainrestandproperactivitytodecreasetissueoxygenneeds,Mildcase:nobedrestavoidingstrenuousexerciseSeverecase:determineproperintensityanddurationofactivityandwaysofrestkeephappyandavoidcrying,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Dietarymanagement1,InstructandassisttocorrecttheunhealthyhabitsTeachingoffoodrichinironandeasilydigested:animalbloodandliver,meats,fishes,productsofbeansanddriedfruitsSomefooddecreasetheabsorptionofiron:tea,coffee,cowmilk,vegetablefibersCowmilkshouldbeheated,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Dietarymanagement2,Somefoodaidintheabsorptionofiron:vitC,aminoacid,fructoseInfants:breast-feedingisrecommendedandaddiron-richfoodoriron-fortifiedfood:fortifiedformulasorfortifiedsaltsintimePremature/LBW:parentsneedtobecounseledonironsupplements,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Instructtheadministrationofiron1,Information:thedailyrequirementsofiron,thecorrectdoseandtreatmentcourseofironsupplementforthechildwithIDAIronsupplementsshouldbeplacedbeyondthetouchofchildOralirongivenbetweenmeals,withvitC/juice,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Instructtheadministrationofiron2,Liquidirontakenwithastraw/syringe/medicinedropperBrushingtheteethafteradministeringthedrugExplaintheblack/tarrygreenstoolstotheparentsaftertakenoralironInjectionofiron:injecteddeeplyintoalargemusclemassusingtheZ-trackmethod,changinginjectionsiteeverytime.Nomassagetotheinjectionsite.,IDA,Nursinginterventions,Observetreatmenteffects,Peripheralreticulocytosisisnotedwith3-4daysoftherapyAriseintheHBlevelImprovedsymptomsasfatigue,irritation,anorexiain2weeksNoresponseuntil3-4wsoftherapy,identifythecausesoffailure,Nursinginterventions,IDA,Infectioncontrol,AdmittingnoninfectiousroomRestrictingvisitorsorhospitalpersonnelwithactiveinfectionPracticingthoroughhandwashingMaintainadequatenutritionMonitorsignsofinfection:T,leukocytosis,IDA,Nursinginterventions,Healtheducation,TeachparentsandchildabouttherelatedknowledgeandnursingconsiderationsofIDACounselparentsdietandadministrationoftherapyPreventreoccurrencetomaintainnormalgrowthanddevelopmentthatchildinsistsonbalanceddietandhealthydiethabitsaftercorrectionofanemiaMinimizesenseofinferioritytothechildwithlowerintelligenceorloweracademicperformance,IDA,Nursinginterventions,Thinkingexercise,Thenurseisinstructingtheparentsofasmallchildonthecorrectwaytogivetheirchildaliquidironpreparationtocorrectiron-deficiencyanemia.Whichofthefollowingshouldbeincludedintheseinstructions?Thechildsstoolsmayturnblackandbeveryhard.Drinkthemedicationfromacuporglass.Providethemedicationmixedwithorangejuice.Thepreparationcancausethestoolstobestainedorange,Thankyou,Nutritionalmegaloblasticanemia,Resultfromadeficiencyoffolicacid,vitBorboth,isoneinwhichRBCareabnormallylargeCommonclinicalfeatures:anemiamoredecreaseoferythrocytesthanHBmegaloblasticmorphologyofRBC,m