2015年高考题型指导(短文改错)

.短文改错考点分析及解题技巧一、考点分布的特点高考短文改错中涉及的错误类型通常为学生在写作过程中经常出现的词法(单词的词性及与句子成分的一致)、句法(句子的结构形式)及行文逻辑方面的错误。考查方向包括考查动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、冠词、介词、代词、行文逻辑等等。现举例介绍常见考点。1. 时态【考例】 My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day. (2010陕西)【答案】 are改为were。根据主句谓语动词saw可知，从句应使用过去进行时。【考例】 I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last. (2011课标)【答案】 feel改为felt。分析全文来看，故事是发生在过去。 2. 语态【考例】 It was turned out to be her own cup, that shed left on the shelf by mistake. (2010陕西)【答案】去掉turned前的was。turn out to be 为固定结构，意为“结果是”。 (that改为which。)3. 主谓一致【考例】 Luckily I had all my money on my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on. (2011课标)【答案】 was改为were。but后面分句的主语是clothes，故谓语动词为复数形式。(on 改为in。)【考例】 In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady, around three per weeks. (2011辽宁)【答案】 were改为was。句子主语是the rate of UFO reports，谓语动词采用单数形式。(weeks改为week。) 4. 非谓语动词【考例】 On the box was a card say: “25 cents each.” (2010课标)【答案】 say改为saying。此处为动词-ing形式作定语，修饰card。【考例】 My sister wanted get out of the shop as fast as she could when a shop assistant came over to us.(2010陕西)【答案】 wanted后加to。 【考例】 Well, I had better to stop now. (2009课标)【答案】去掉to。had better之后接不带to的动词不定式结构。5. 及物动词与不及物动词【考例】 I put into my pocket when he wasnt looking. (2011浙江) 【答案】 put后加it/that。 put此处为及物动词，其后缺宾语。根据上句可知，宾语为one toy，故使用it/ that指代。【考例】 The woman smiled happily as she accepted to it. (2010浙江)【答案】去掉accepted后的to。accepted为及物动词，可直接跟宾语it。6. 动词词形【考例】 I couldnt believe my lucknot only did I had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on my shirt! (2011陕西)【答案】 had改为have。此句为倒装句，助动词did已前置，后面谓语动词用原形。【考例】 Her hair was black and purple, and she worn black sports shoes and a black sweater, although in the summer. (2010辽宁)【答案】 worn改为wore。本句叙述的是过去的事情，应使用一般过去时，worn是过去分词形式。(although改为even。)7. 固定搭配 【考例】 I asked my father the money. (2009辽宁)【答案】 father后面加for。ask sb for sth是固定搭配，意思是“向某人要某物”。 8. 名词(名词的数、所有格、可数名词和不可数名词的区别、名词与其他词类的区别等。) 【考例】 It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. (2011课标)【答案】 luggages改为luggage。luggage为不可数名词，无复数形式。【考例】 When I finally arrived at my friend he lent to me lots of clothes. (2011课标)【答案】 friend改为friends。my friends意为“朋友家”。(去掉to)【考例】 Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favourite actor. (2011陕西)【答案】 actor改为actors。在one of后应用可数名词的复数形式。(make改为making)9. 形容词、副词(形容词与副词之间的错用、级别错误等)【考例】 When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back. (2011浙江)【答案】 slow改为slowly。根据句子结构可知，修饰动词应使用副词。【考例】 I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face! (2010陕西)【答案】 hardly改为hard。hardly意为“几乎不”，hard意为“努力地”。【考例】 Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did. (2011浙江)【答案】 rich改为richer。根据than可知，此处应使用比较级。【考例】 Late on, my aunt drove me home. (2011浙江)【答案】 Late改为Later。later on为固定词组，意为“稍后，晚些时候”。【考例】 Like the rest of my classmate, I didnt really want to get closest to her. (2010辽宁)【答案】 closest改为close。此处没有和其它事物进行比较，无需使用最高级，应使用原级close。(classmate改为classmates)【考例】 You can imagine how much happy I was when I rode to school on my own bicycle. (2009辽宁)【答案】 去掉much。副词how修饰形容词happy。10. 介词(介词的错用、搭配错误及遗漏)【考例】 There was one on particular Id always wanted. (2011浙江)【答案】 on改为in。in particular为固定词组，意为“特别地，特殊地”。【考例】 As we left, Mother stopped on their table. (2010浙江)【答案】 on改为by/at。母亲是“在桌子边”停下来，应使用by/at，表示“在旁边”。【考例】 I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out a building. (2011陕西)【答案】 walked out后加of。 (disappointing改为disappointed。) 【考例】 I never knew much about her except for that she was strange. (2010辽宁)【答案】 去掉except后的for。except for 为短语介词，后面不能跟that从句。【考例】 They wrote an article, which said that all UFO reports could be explained for quite naturally by aircraft movements. (2011辽宁)【答案】 去掉for。explain是及物动词，此处为被动语态，无需使用for。(They改为He。)11. 冠词 (冠词的错用、遗漏及多用。)【考例】 She liked it at once. Then she bent down and picked up to look at a price on it. (2010陕西)【答案】 a改为the。此处price后有on it，表示特指。(picked后加it。)【考例】 after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. (2011课标)【答案】 long前加a。holiday是可数名词，前加不定冠词a。【考例】 I notice Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and young couple. (2010浙江)【答案】 young couple前加a。(notice改为noticed，occupy改为occupied。)【考例】 I remember asking for a room as far away from the lifts as possible and they find me a comfortable one on second floor. (2009课标)【答案】 second前加the。序数词前表示顺序时其前应使用定冠词。(find改为found。) 【考例】 He was right there in the front of me! (2011陕西)【答案】 去掉the。in the front of意为“在的前部”，in front of意为“在前面”。【考例】 So I went to sell newspapers after the school. (2009辽宁)【答案】 去掉the。after school是固定短语，意为“放学后”，中间不用冠词。12. 代词【考例】 Im glad to say that anything has worked out fine in the dorm. (2009课标) 【答案】 anything改为everything。此处表示肯定，意为“一切正常”，应使用everything。【考例】 “Neither did me,” said Mother cheerfully. (2010浙江)【答案】 me改为I。“Neither did ”为倒装句，did之后是句子主语，应使用主格形式。【考例】 Im going to attend mine first lesson this afternoon, for Ive got some preparation to make. (2009课标)【答案】 mine改为my。此处应用my作定语修饰first lesson。(for改为so。)【考例】 I hoped I could also have it. (2009辽宁)【答案】 it改为one。one在此处指同类事物中的一个。 【考例】 This man might need the umbrella himself, and he preferred to give it to everyone else. (2009浙江)【答案】 everyone改为someone/somebody。表示“某个其他人”，用someone/somebody else，雨伞只有一个，不可能给每个人。(and改为but。)13. 关联词(并列连词、引导名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等的关联词的错用、多用或遗漏。)【考例】 My father was pleased if I showed him the money a month after. (2009辽宁)【答案】 if改为when。when引导时间状语从句。 (after改为later) 【考例】 No lectures this morning so I think Id email you and let you know what things are going. (2009课标)【答案】 what改为how。go为不及物动词，所以应用how，表示事情进展得如何。【考例】 After we left, I said, “That was very nice of you, Mother. So I didnt think she looked like Grandma.” (2010浙江)【答案】 So改为But。上下句之间为转折关系。 14. 句子成分 【考例】 The commanding officer, Wayne Tyler, who directly responsible for the study of all such reports, decided to making his findings known. (2011辽宁)【答案】 who后加was/is。引导词who后缺少谓语动词，根据上下文语境可知，此处可填was或is。 (making 改为make。)15. 行文逻辑含有此类错误的句子，在语法结构上没有错误，但句子含义与上下文有逻辑上的矛盾，如人称错误、指代错误等。对于此类错误，考生需要在通读全文的基础上，理顺文章中句子间的内在联系，从而发现此类错误。【考例】 Convinced, Nick has brought the price up to 10 cents a piece. (2010课标)【答案】 up改为down。由25美分一个变成10美分一个，价格是下降，而非上升。 (去掉has。)【考例】 Without a moments delay, my neighbor picked up the box but announced: “Ill take them.” (2010课标)【答案】 my改为his。故事讲述的是Nick与其邻居的事情，是Nick的邻居，而非“我”的，应使用第三人称his。(but改为and。)【考例】 Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and the actor couldnt be seen everywhere. (2011陕西)【答案】 everywhere改为anywhere。notanywhere=nowhere表示全部否定，而noteverywhere 表示部分否定。(have改为had。) 【考例】 When, however, on Monday, January 16, a science fiction film about visitors to outer space was shown on television, there was the immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States. (2011辽宁)【答案】 to改为from。此处指来自外太空的来访者，故将to改为from。(第一个the改为an。)二、解题技巧及注意事项1. 通篇考虑，整篇理解。短文改错题的错误设计有些是从整篇文章考虑的，有些错误属于语篇错误，如行文逻辑错误等。如不通篇考虑，就很难发现这些错误。同学们拿到试题后，应先通读一下短文，然后再逐句阅读分析，这样做虽需要耗费些时间，但却是磨刀不误砍柴工。2. 运用语言知识，逐句辨别正误。判断正误是短文改错题中最重要的环节。因为只要判断出正误，如何改正应已经寓于其中了。因此，掌握正确的判断技巧是做好短文改错的关键。有时眼光不能只盯在单句上，而是要跨越句子层次，从语篇的角度来分析问题。3. 紧扣题目要求，规范答题方法。短文改错题对答题方法有明确要求。答题时要严格按照要求去做，注意不要漏掉各种符号，在下面一行填写的词要整齐清楚，卷面要整洁。4. 复读全文，检查核对。复核检查时要特别留意语言结构、上下文是否连贯通顺、逻辑是否一致等，对短文再进行一次整篇理解。复读过程中，既要重视词语、句子的字面含义，又要弄清文字段落内在的含义和逻辑关系，以及结构的完整、规范。如发现语句不通或不合逻辑，则应重新修改。平时训练时应注意的事项：(1) 切实打好语法基础;(2) 留心在行文表达、意义结构上英汉差异较大的典型句式;(3) 在学习中不断发现和归纳错误，形成自己的“错误集锦”，并经常训练，防止再次出现错误;(4) 要多练习，及时分析总结，从而做到熟能生巧。短文改错要求及改错原则一、短文改错要求1. 多词删除一般是受汉语影响而导致的随意加词或词义重复错误。改正时需要考生有扎实的语法、词汇和句型结构方面的知识积累才能迅速作出判断并删除。如：In fact, they are planning to visit China in next year. (名词作时间状语，去掉in)2. 缺词补漏一般是词语搭配不当造成的错误。如名词前缺冠词或介词、谓语组成部分缺漏、习惯用语结构不完整等，需要加进恰当的词。如：They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions. (缺系动词，在They后加were)3. 错词改正这方面的考查所占比例较大，所包含的考点较复杂，涉及中学阶段词法、句法方面容易犯的错误。辨别和修改错误时需要从语段和篇章入手，并能正确区分词义和拼写单词。如： My name is Li Hua. I live in Beijing where is the capital of China.(定语从句关系词使用错误，把where改为which) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (人称指代不明确，把his改为their) Dont move and shout. Your hands on your head. (把and改为or，在否定句中连接并列成分用or) By these words, he turned out all his pockets. (把By改为With，with在此处表示伴随情况)二、短文改错原则1. 把握句型结构。如：It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. 由于弄不清句中的to meet与后面的(to)drive是并列结构而找不出错误所在。这里drove应改为drive。2. 确认习语和固定搭配。如：I look forward to hear from you soon. 句中look forward to是固定搭配，to是介词，接V-ing形式。这里hear应改为hearing。3. 避免定势思维干扰。如：I also enjoyed the evening when we spent together. 有些考生一见到句中的the evening，马上想到后面的定语从句用when引导。这里引导词在从句中要作spent的宾语，应该用关系代词that或which引导。4. 不受母语习惯影响。如：Today I visited the Smiths my first time visit to an American family. my first visit就是“我第一次拜访”的意思，句中加上time(次)是汉语式英语。短文初步改错后，还要用代入法检查核实，即把你认为正确的答案代入原句，看句子是否在词义、语法和逻辑等方面都讲得通。有的答案必须联系上下文进行通篇检查，才能查出已改动的地方是否妥当。如果没有语篇整体理解能力，只见树木、不见森林，有些错误就难以识别。在考场上，考生应本着“语法错误第一，逻辑错误第二”的原则进行思考。在第一次阅读时，应先从名词的数、动词的时态语态、主谓一致等最熟悉的项目入手加以改正。这样能先易后难，渐渐缩小范围，为突破难题创造条件。高考英语短文改错中的一致性问题高考短文改错题往往是内容较浅显、题材较轻松的记叙文, 是考生较熟悉或经历过的事情。它主要考查考生准确运用英语语言知识的能力, 无论词法、句法等语言知识，还是行文逻辑，都要符合英语语言习惯。在短文改错题中，大多数的错误设置与一致性问题有关。1. 主谓一致性(1)用连词and, or, but连接的并列主语中的一致性问题。如：Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish(应改为wishes).(2)一般现在时的第三人称单数形式和过去时中be的第三人称单数形式。如：He looked up at us and said,“I just want to know what the sign say (应改为says).”(3)句子结构变化而造成主谓不一致的问题(如倒装)。如：In front of these houses stand(应改为stands)a tall tree.(4)动名词、不定式或主语从句作主语时的一致性问题。如：Having fun with their friends make(应改为makes)them happy.2. 时态一致性(1)多个谓语并列的问题。如：Three plates were already on the table, when the man closest to me pointing(应改为pointed)to one plate and asked me the name of the fish on it.(2)复合句的时态呼应问题。如：We had guests last night who have(应改为had)not stayed in a B&B hotel before.(3)上下文时态一致性问题。如：I was only about six when he held his hand out to me. I took it in mine and we walked. Then I ask(应改为asked)him . (4)句子时间状语与时态的一致性问题。如：Last summer I take(应改为took)a part-time job in the International Camp for children.3. 名词单复数一致性(1)依据逻辑看名词单复数。如：I looked at his other hands (hand).(2)依据搭配看名词单复数。如：At the moments (moment) I travel into Nottingham every day to the shop where I work.(3)有些名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，错把不可数名词当可数名词用的问题。如：He had no ideas(应改为idea)that the kitchen was not for guests. 4. 代词指代一致性(1)使用人称代词时应根据它所指代的名词的单复数形式确定其单复数形式。如：You may keep the books for several weeks so that you can have enough time to finish it(应改为them).(2)当动作行为的承受者是动作行为执行者本身时要用反身代词。如：I just smiled to me(应改为myself)and thought ,“What can I do? They are guests after all.”(3)物主代词与所指代名词的一致性。如：Finally, the men threw away most of his(应改为their)clothes to save themselves.(4)有关it的问题。如：Many students feel it(去掉it) that a popular teacher must be kind and easy-going. (5)人称代词在句中对应语法成分的一致性。如：I was only about six when he held his hand out to me. I took it in me (应改为mine)and we walked.5. 语义一致性 (1)谓语动词或动词短语的辨析。如：Without enough knowledge, you can never learn(应改为 teach)well.(2)复合句中的连词辨析。如：I was only about six that(应改为when) he held his hand out to me.(3)同义词或近义词辨析。如：Im very excited to have accepted(应改为received 或got)an e-mail from you.(4)语义重复。如：He continued to ask me the name of the fish on another one(去掉one)plate. (5)肯定与否定混用。如：Some day we can not(去掉not)help others in return. In this way, we can get along with each other happily and peacefully.6. 平行结构一致性由and, but, or, either. or., neither.nor., not only .but also等连词或短语连接的结构称为平行结构。平行结构在词性、时态、非谓语动词的形式等方面要保持一致。如：We had to sit at our desks in silence and paid (应改为pay) attention to what the teachers were saying. 7. 行文逻辑一致性and, or, but, so等混用或but, and, so, however, otherwise 等一些并列连词和连接副词的误用等。如：Last year I was ill but(应改为and)had to stay in hospital for a week. 8. 词性、词形与其对应语法成分、作用的一致性形容词和副词的原级、比较级与最高级的误用; 形容词和副词的误用; 序数词与基数词的混用和误用。如：Li Meng and I loved walking along the beautifully(应改为beautiful)beaches there.短文改错大练兵一Thanks you for telling me something about your Chinese 1. _ teacher. I think you have a good teacher. Now let me tell 2. _ you anything about my English teacher, Miss White. 3. _ Miss White is from America. She was tall and slim. And she 4. _ is very much beautiful. She has taught us English for two 5. _ year. She is always in blue, because blue is her favorite color. 6. _ She likes reading but she also loves traveling when she is 7. _ free. She is kind and helpful. As a teacher, she is successfully. 8. _ She teaches so well what she won the first place in the 9. _ teaching competition last year. All us like her very much. 10. _ 二Skin diving is a new sport today. It is very excited. It 1. _ will take you into a wonderfully new world. If you are 2. _ under the water, you will find easy to climb a big rock, 3. _ because you are no any longer heavy. When you are 4. _ under the water, you will find everything is blue and 5. _ green. You can stay in deep water for the long time with 6. _ tanks of air on your back, and you can catch fish easy 7. _ with your hands. Catching fish are one of the most 8. _ interesting part of this sport. Besides, there are more uses 9. _ for skin diving. But skin diving is also a very interesting sport. 10. _ 三Recently, we did a survey in our school on how a good friend 1. _ should be like. Nearly all of the student think a good friend 2. _ should be kind, helpful and honest. He or she should trust you 3. _ and willing to share joys with you. 67 percent of 4. _ the students would like their friends to be fond of singing but 5. _ dancing. Beside, they hope their friends are good at sports. 6. _ 48 percent of the students agree on that a good friend must 7. _ be hard-working and do good in lessons. Of course, there are 8. _ some cared about appearance. They prefer to choose those 9. _ with beautiful faces and slim figures as our good friends. 10. _ 四Among all the modern invention, laptop is my favorite 1. _ one. I think it is the most amazed invention in the 2. _ 21st century. Laptops are light but small. They are 3. _ easily to carry. With a laptop, we can work, study and 4. _ entertain everywhere. A laptop can get the Internet 5. _ outside, that enables us to get the latest information 6. _ whenever we want. Use a laptop, I can keep in 7. _ the touch with my friends and family through e-mails 8. _ and QQ at any time and in any place. I think on 9. _ the future, everybody will have his or her own laptop. 10. _ 五Eye is the window of our mind. We use our eye to see 1. _ everything around us. Without eyes, something is left beside 2. _ you but darkness. What can we protect our eyes? Its not right 3. _ to keep your eyes worked for a long time. Youd better 4. _ not to read in strong or poor light. Dont read in bed 5. _ and on a moving bus. Remember to keep your books 6. _ away your eyes for about a foot and do eye exercises 7. _ every day. Whats more, a balanced diet is necessary. 8. _ Following my advice and form a good habit. Its time 9. _ to say goodbye to thin glasses. 10. _ 六We have no clean water to drink because water pollution. 1. _And when trees are cut down, some animals disappeared. There 2. _is more and more dirty smokes in the air. Peoples health has 3. _been great affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many 4. _people died of diseases. In order to live a best life, its time 5. _for us to protect our world. Firstly, we should not throw off 6. _rubbish everywhere. And we should recycle, reduce and reuse