组织学与胚胎学-内分泌系统--双语教学10Circulatory-System

组胚教研室陈同强,CirculatorySystem,循环系统,Nisslbodies,Synapse,Internode,1/41,目的与要求,1、掌握心脏结构2、掌握大中小动脉的结构特点和功能3、了解静脉的结构特点4、掌握毛细血管的光镜结构及几种毛细血管的超微结构,2/41,Circulatorysystemisaclosedtubularsystemconsistingofcardiovascularandlymphaticvascularsystem.,B.Thelymphaticvascularsystembeginsinblind-endedlymphaticcapillaries,whichanastomoseinlymphaticvesselsandthenemptyintothelargeveinsneartheheartbylymphaticducts.,A.Thecardiovascularsystemincludestheheart,arteries,capillariesandveins.Theyareholloworgans,wallofwhichiscomposedof3andlinedwithendothelium.,Introduction,tunics,(tunica)膜,3/41,.Heartapump,hollowmuscularorgan1.Thewalloftheheart3layers:,rightventricle,rightatrium,endocardium,心内膜,myocardium,心肌膜,epicardium,心外膜,4/41,(1)Endocardiumthininnerliningcomposedof2layersEndothelium:simplesquamousepithelium:athinsheetofconnectivetissue.consistsoflooseconnectivetissuecontainingbloodvessles,nervesandtheconductingsystemoftheheart.,Subendotheliallayer,内皮下层,Subendocardiallayer,心内膜下层,5/41,(2)MyocardiumComposedofrichlysuppliedwithcapillaries.Thickerinventriclesthaninatria,andthickestintheleftventricle.AtrialmyocardialfiberscontainspecificatrialgranulessecretingThishormoneincreasesexcretionofwaterandsodiumionsanddecreasesbloodpressure.,cardiacmuscle,心肌,atrialnatriureticpeptide(ANP).,心房纳尿肽,6/41,oftheConsistsofathinlayeroflooseconnectivetissuecoveredby(simplesquamousepithelium).Numerousadiposecellsinthe,(3)Epicardium,pericardium,心包膜,viscerallayer,脏层,subepicardiallayer.,心外膜下层,mesothelium,间皮,(4)Cardiacvalve,7/41,Sinoatrialnodeoccupiesasubepicardialpositionnearjunctionofthesuperiorvenacavaandtherightatrium.Othersarelocatedinsubendocardiallayer.,Composedofthesinoatrialnode(SAnode),atrioventricularnode(AVnode),AVbundleandthenetworkofPurkinjefibers.,2.Conductingsystemoftheheart,Threetypesofspecializedcardiacmusclecells:Pacemakercell(P-cell),transitionalcellandPurkinjefiber.Differingsignificantlyfromordinaryworkingmyocardialcells.,8/41,(1).Pacemakercell(Pcell):paleappearanceunderbothLMandEM,thesiteofpacemakerimpulseformation,smallerthanordinarycardiacmuscularcells,morenumerousintheSAnodeandAVnode,particularlyintheircentralpart;(2).Transitionalcell:intermediatebetweensimpleP-cellsandmorecomplexordinarycardiacmuscularcells,distributedintheperipheryoftheSAnodeandtheAVnode.,9/41,(3).Purkinjefiber/cellterminalbranchesofconductingsystem,a.Broaderandshorterthanordinarycardiacmusclefibers.b.Palestainedandrichinsarcoplasm(肌浆).Twonucleimaybefound.c.Fewmyofibrils,majorityofthemdistributedintheperipheryofthecell;abundantglycogen.,d.Well-developedintercalateddiscsbetweenPurkinjefibers.e.Conductimpulsesmuchfasterthan,andtoordinarycardiacmusclefibers.,10/41,.Arteriesclassifiedaccordingtosizeinto4groups:Large,Medium-sized,Smallarteriesandarteriole,butnoclearly-definedlimitsexistbetweenthem.,composedofthreeconcentriclayers:tunicaintima,tunicamediaandtunicaadventitia.,Largearteries(elasticarteries)including主动脉、肺动脉、无名动脉、颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉、髂总动脉等。,11/41,1.tunicaintima,Endothelium,Subendotheliallayer,a.Comparativelythickerthanthatinmedium-sizedandsmallarteries.b.ComposedofendotheliumandsubendotheliallayerofLCTwhichcontainscollagenousfibersandafewlongitudinalsmoothmusclecells.c.EndothelialcellshaveWeibel-Palade(W-P)bodycontainingvonWillebrandtFactor(vWF)inEM,tunicaintima,tunicamedia,tunicaadventitia,12/41,2.tunicamedia,Thickestlayer,consistingmainlyof40-70concentrically-arrangedelasticmembraneswhichareusuallyfenestratedandcomposedofelastin.Alsocontainingcollagenous,elasticfibresandsmoothmuscles.Allcomponentsareproducedbythesmoothmuscularcell.ChondroitinsulfateingroundsubstancemakingthebackgroundblueinH.E.staining.,13/41,elasticmembranes,smoothmuscularcell,elasticfibres,Largeamountofelasticlaminaeintunicamediaareconnectedbyelasticfibers.,14/41,Thinlayeroflooseconnectivetissuecontainingsmallbloodvessels(termedvasavasorum)andnervefibres.,3.Tunicaadventitia,4.Function:decreasingthebloodpressureandmakingthebloodflowconstantbydilatingperiodically.,15/41,B.Medium-sizedartery:(Muscularartery/distributingartery).Exceptforthelargearteries,allarterieswhichhavethenameingrossanatomy,e.g.renalartery,hepaticartery.Similartothatofthelargearteries.Distinguishinghistologicalcharacteristicsare:,16/41,1.tunicaintimaconsistsofthreelayers:anendothelium,asubendotheliallayer(verythin)andanprominentinternalelasticmembrane(brightrefractilewavelikeband).,2.Tunicamediaiscomposedof10-40layersofannulararrangedsmoothmusclecells(musculararteries).3.Tunicaadventitia:Asthickasthetunicamedia,17/41,Function:Regulatesthebloodflowtoorgans（distributingarteries）.,Alayerofconnectivetissuecontainingsmallbloodvessels(vasavasorum)andunmylinated.Insomearteries,theexternalelasticmembranecanbefoundbetweentunicamediaandtunicaadventitia.,vasomotornerves,血管运动神经,18/41,1.Diameterlessthan1mm.Calledarterioleiflessthan300m.2.Internalelasticmembranegraduallydisappears.3.Thetunicamediaismainlycomposedofseverallayersofsmoothmusclecells(musculararteries).,C.Smallarteryandarteriole,19/41,2-3layersofsmoothmuscleintunicamedia.,Function:Responsibleforthepresenceofbloodpressure().,resistancevessels,阻力血管,Smallartery,20/41,BasicfeaturesThesmallestbloodvesselswithanaverageluminaldiameterofabout7-9m.Thethinnestwall(0.2-0.4m)composedofalayerofendothelialcellsrestingonabasallamina,withinwhichareenclosed.Distributewidelyinthebodyandformanetworkwithdifferentdensityaccordingtometabolism.Greatsurfaceareafacilitatessubstanceexchange.,.Capillary:exchangevessels,pericytes,21/41,Connectsthearteriolesandvenules.Mostwidelydistributed.Thinnest,simplest,longest.,22/41,1.Structure:Endothelium+basallamina+pericyte.,Maydifferentiateintoendotheliumandfibroblast(surroundingCT)whentissueisinjured.Pericytecontainsrichcontractileproteinsinitsprocesses.,Pericytehasbasallaminaonitsbothsurfaces.Partlysurroundstheendothelium.DifficulttodistinguishfromendotheliumunderLM.,23/41,2.ClassificationAccordingtotheappearanceoftheendotheliumandbasallaminainEM,capillariescanbeclassifiedas:continuouscapillary,fenestratedcapillary,sinusoidalcapillary.,24/41,Acontinuouslayerofendothelialcellsjoinedbytightjunctions.Acontinuouslayerofbasallamina.AlargenumberofpinocytoticvesiclesinthecytoplasmofendothelialcellsPresentinthemusculartissue,connectivetissue,nervoustissueandlungs.,(1).Continuouscapillary:,25/41,*tightjunctions.*smallirregularprotrusionsontheinnersurfaceofendothelium.,*thepinocytoticvesiclesfortransendothelialtransportofsomewater-solublesubstances.,26/41,Thecontinuousendotheliumandbasallamina.Characterizedbypores,whosediameteris60-80nm,usuallyclosedbyadiaphragm,throughthewallofendothelialcells.,(2).Fenestratedcapillaries,Presentintissuesinwhichrapidexchangeofsubstancesoccursbetweenthetissuesandtheblood,suchasintherenalglomerulus,submucosaofstomachandintestine,andsomeendocrineglands.,27/41,有孔毛细血管超微结构,28/41,Anwideandirregularlumen(diameterof30-40m).Widegapsbetweenendothelialcells.Thebasallaminaisincompleteorlackatall.Endothelialcellsmayhaveporeslackingdiaphragms.Foundintheliver,spleen,bonemarrow,andincertainendocrineglands.,(3).Sinusoid/sinusoidalcapillary,Greatlyfacilitatetheexchangeoffluidsandmacromoleculesacrossthewallofthesinusoidbetweenbloodandtissues,29/41,30/41,3.Functionofcapillary:Theplacewherethematerialexchangestakeplace,andthepermeabilityisregulatedbymanyfactors,suchashistamine,etc.Capillarydensityiscloselyrelatedtothelocalmetabolismrate.,31/41,Largerdiameter,thinnerwallandfewersmoothmusclesthanaccompanyingarteries.Lumenfrequentlyappearsirregular(capacitancevessels).Alsoclassifiedinto:Large,Medium-sizedandSmallveins,Venuleandpostcapillaryvenules.Internalandexternalelasticmembranesareabsent,Theboundariesbetween3layersareobscure.,.Veins,Generalfeatures,capacitancevessel,容量血管,32/41,1.VenuleandpostcapillaryvenulesPostcapillaryvenulesareformedbytheconfluenceof2-4capillaries,andrangeindiameterfrom10-30umormore.Venulesareformedbytheunionofseveralpostcapillaryvenulesandhaveadiameterin50-200um.1-2layersofsmoothmusclecellsinthetunicamediaorabsent2.SmallveinsVaryindiameterfrom0.2-1mm,Thetunicamediacontainsmainlyonetofourlayersofcircularsmoothmuscleseparatedbyelasticandcollagenousfibers.,33/41,3.Medium-sizedveinsThemedium-sizedveins,withadiameterin2-9mm,includeallthenamedveinsofgrossanatomyapartfromthelargeveins.Thetunicamediaismuchthinnerthanthatofcorrespondingarteries.Thetunicaadvenitiaiswell-developedandthickerthanthetunicamedia.Somelongitudinally-orientedsmoothmusclefibersarefrequentlypresent.,34/41,Thetunicaadventitiaisrelativelythick.,35/41,4.Largeveins.Largeveinsincludethevenoustrunkswithadiameterlargerthan1cm(颈外静脉、无名静脉、奇静脉、肺静脉、髂外静脉、门静脉和腔静脉等).Thetunicamediaisverythinandcontainsonlyafewlayersofcircularsmoothmuscle.Thetunicaadventitiaisthethickestofthethreelayersandconsistsoflongitudinally-orientedsmoothmusclecells.,36/41,5.Veinvalves:Semilunar-likeprotrusionoftunicaintima,whichpreventsthebloodflowfromrunninginoppositedirection.Bepresentinmedium-sizedveinsandlargeveins(especiallynumerousinveinsoflimbs),37/41,.Lymphaticvascularsystem:,Thelymphaticvascularsystemisadrainagesystemwhichconductsexcesstissueflu