高考英语短文改错指导

1,短文改错,2,第一章: 高考短文改错概说,第二章: 近年高考短文改错题详析,第三章: 高考短文改错的解题技巧,第四章: 单句改错训练,3,第一章 高考短文改错概说,一.命题原则二.题材特点三.错误类型四.考点分布五.错误类型分析 （一）漏词 （二）多词 （三）错词,4,一、命题原则高考短文改错题的目的在于测试考生判断、发现、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力，以考查考生在语篇综合运用英语的准确性。它往往选用一篇120个词左右、内容鲜活、语言地道、通俗易懂的短文，供考生在阅读中判断、纠错，从而检测学生综合运用英语的准确性。命题的总原则是整篇理解、分行解题。设错的特点可用四个字来概括：对、错、加、删。解题要求可用四句话来归纳，即正确划，错词更正，缺词添加，多词删除。四种要求都有相应的规范符号和格式，不可用错和混淆。,5,二、题材特点以记叙文为主，题材和语言都符合高中学生的实际；句子结构比较简单，以简单句为主。学生平时在书面表达中常出现的错误也就是短文改错要考查的重点。,错误类型设置相对稳定，错词通常为六行；正确通常为一；多词和漏词通常共三行,三、错误类型,6,四、考点分布（一）从词法上看，主要考查：动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法等（尤其是时态与非谓语动词）；名词、代词的数和格；冠词的基本用法；形容词、副词的比较等级；主谓语一致和其他的一致关系；连词、关系词的使用等。（二）从句法上来看，涉及到简单句、否定句、疑问句、省略、替代等。（三）从行文逻辑上看，人物的性别及与之相对应的代词、句义的并列与转折、时间的顺序、数量的增减以及因果倒置等，都是值得考虑的因素。,7,五、错误类型分析,（一）漏词句中漏掉了必不可少的词语，导致句子结构和意义不完整，这些词多为功能词，如系动词be、冠词、物主代词、介词及不定式符号“to”等。如：,例1 Its famous mountain with all kinds of plants andanimals.(NMET2002),析：可数名词表泛指，前面要加不定冠词，故在famous前加a。,例2 I was happy with any program but the others spent a lot time arguing. (NMET 1999),析：a lot 加 of 才能接名词，故在time前加of。,8,析：time本为不可数名词，但当它表示“一段时间”时，前面要加不定冠词a,故在time前加a。,例4 Ill take this chance to wish you wonderful time on your birthday.(2001北京春),析：可数名词前应有限定词修饰。根据文意应为“我的英语老师”，故在English前加my。,例3 The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me. (NMET 2000),9,例1 Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. (NMET 2000),例5 My parents love me dearly of course and will do what they can make sure that I get a good education. (NMET 2001),析：本句中can后省掉了与前面相同的实义动词do，后面的不定式to make 作状语，故应在make前加to。,（二）多词,多词错误是指受汉语的干扰和影响，而出现汉语表达方式，造成冗言，这些词多为冠词、介词、代词或连接词等。如：,析：catch sight of为固定词组，意为“看到”，故将不 定词a去掉。,10,例2 But we dont seem to get much time to talk about together. (NMET 2001),析：去掉about。,例3 I hope that both you two could come and visit us some time soon. (NMET 1995),析：句中both与two并用，属意义重复。表示“你们”俩可以说you two或you both.故应将both去掉。,例4 Ill spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. (NMET 2000春),析：all 与whole连用，造成语义重复，故将all去掉。,11,析：此句是简单句，不含有定语从句，in other places 是句子的地点状语，故应将where去掉。,例5 In some places you may borrow as many books as you want, in other places where you are limited to a certain number, of which some may be novels. (NMET 1994),（三）错词,错词原因很多，归纳起来，有以下几个方面：,1、时态、语态误用,例1 The time passes quickly. (NMET 2002),析：原文讲的是上周游览峨眉山，故将passes改为passed,12,析：句中my picture and the prize 为并列主语，谓语动词 应用复数形式，故将is 改为are 。,例2 Books must be keep for four weeks.（NMET 1994）,析：根据句意，该句为被动语态，故将keep改为kept。,2、非谓语动词误用,例 I was often a little tired after a days work and watch TV demands very little effort. (NMET 2002),析：动词原形不用作主语，故将watch 改为watching。,3、主谓是否一致主语和代词是否一致。,例1 Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library。（NMET 2000）,13,例2 The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home （NMET1996）.,析：句子的主语为复数（the Smiths=史密斯夫妇或史密斯一家人），与之相应的人称代词his应改为their.,4、形容词和副词（比较等级）的误用,例1 As a result, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past. （NMET 1999）,析：longer本身即构成比较级，故将more去掉。,例2 After learning the basic of the subject, nothing else seemed very practically to me.（NMET 2001春）,析：连系动词后要用形容词，故将practically改为practical,14,.析：此句中含一个感叹句作told的宾语， 故应将that 改为what才正确。,例2 I told Mother, Father, Sister and all my friends that a great time I had,（NMET 1995）,析：这里具有明显转折意义，需把and改成but。,例1 The food was expensive and the service was good.（NMET 2002）,5、连接词的误用,15,6、思维定势的干扰,例 I also enjoyed the evening when we spent together.（NMET 1995）,析：尽管evening 是时间名词，但是spend是及物动词，需要关系代词作宾语，故应将when改为which/that,或者将when去掉。,、句式结构中平行、并列关系混乱,例 It was very kind of you to meet me at the railway station and drove me to your home . (NMET 1996),析：句中drove应改为drive,才能与前面的to meet 平行并列关系。,16,析：根据上文可知，电视机卖掉以后全家人都看书，故应someone改为everyone.,例 Now someone at home reads instead.（NMET 1999）,8、行文逻辑错误,析：通过fed与told可知visiting需改为visit。,例 s we climbed the mountains, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.（NMET 1999）,17,第二章 高考短文改错题详析(1996-2003),18,1996年高考题（保留原题序号，下同） Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit 86- 【答案和解析】本文记述了作者第一次访问一 个 美国家庭的情况。to a American family. They live in a small 87- town. It was very kind for them to meet me 88- at the railway station and drove me to their home. 89-,86、去掉time。 My first visit表示“我的第一次访问”。,87、a改为an。American是以元音音素开头的单词，且family为单数可数名词,88、for改为of。Its very kind of sb to do sth 是一惯用句式，本句式中sb与该句的形容词存在主谓关系.而its+adj.+for sb to do句式中,sb与形容词不存在主谓关系。,89、drove改为drive。Drive和meet为平行结构，是两个并列的动词不定式（后一个不定式省略to）。,19,The Smiths did his best to make me feel 90 at home. They offered me coffee and other 91- drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing 92- together. They eager to know everything about 93- China and asked me lots of question. In fact. 94- They are planning to visit China in next year. 95_,90、将his改为their。The Smiths指“史密斯一家人或史密斯夫妇”,91：正确。,92、have 改为had。短文基本时态为一般过去时。,93、eager前加were。系表结构缺少连系动词。,94、question改为questions。受lots of修饰，question要用复数形式。,95、去掉in。当next, last, this, that等限定词修饰时间状语时，前面一般不用介词。,20,Dear Bob, (1997年高考题)Hello. I learn about you from my English teacher, 86- 【答案和解析】本文是一封写给笔友的信。Miss Fang. Id like to your penfriend, and get to 87- know more about your country. First, let me tell you something more about myself. 88 My name is Li Hua. I live in Beijing, where is the 89- Capital of China. I go to Hongqi Middle School. 90-,86、learn改为learned。Learned动作发生在写信之前。,87、to后加be 或become。Would like to句型中， to为不定式符号，后面需接动词原形。,88、去掉more。这是第一次给笔友写信，more 在此词不达意。,89、where改为which。非限定性定语从句缺少 主语，where只能作状语。,90、正确。,21,We study quite a few subject such as maths,Chinese,91- English and physics. I use to play ping-pong a lot 92- In my spare time, but now I am interesting in 93- Football. Do you play any ball games? What your favourite 94-Sport? I look forward to hear from you soon. 95- Yours, Li Hua,91、subject改为subjects。A few后接可数名词的复 数形式。,92、use改为used。Used to do sth为一固定结构， 表示“过去常做”。,93、interesting改为interested。Be interested in 意为“对感兴趣”。,94、what后面加is。本句缺少谓语动词。,95、hear改为hearing。Look forward to短语中， to为介词，后加名词或动名词作宾语。,22,1998年高考题 My Favourite SportMy favourite sport was football. I am a member of 86 【答案和解析】本文介绍了作者喜爱的足球运动。our school football team.We practise for three times. 87 every week and often watch football match on TV 88 together. Play football not only makes us grow up 89 tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and 90,86、was改为is。本文的基本时态为一般现在时,87、去掉for。在频率的名词前通常不加介词。,88、match改为matches。Matches为名词复数表示类别。,89、Play改为Playing。动词原形不能直接用作主语。,90、give改为gives。Gives和makes为平行结构，构成并列并列谓语动词。,23,team spirit. We must keep in mind that we play 91 for the team instead ourselves. Also, the sport 92 teaches us the important of obedience(服从),Each 93 Player must obey captain,who is the leader of 94 the team. And they must not break the rules too 95 often if we want to win the game.,91、正确。,92、instead后加of。Instead of为固定短语。,93、important 改为importance。Teach后可接名 词或代词作宾语，但不接形容词作宾语。,94、captain前加冠词the。Captain为特指,95、they改为we。根据句意，主从句的主语应该一致。often if we want to win the game.,24,1999年高考题 The Problem with TelevisionNow I cant watch much television,but a few years ago, 86 答案和解析本文作者讲述了家里因看电视而引起的问题I was used to watch it every night. I was often 87 a little tired after a days work and watch TV 88demands very little effort. Unfortunate, there are 89 too many people among my family. Some wanted 90,86、去掉much。作者现在根本就不看电视了,87、去掉was。Used to do sth意为“过去常常做”，而be used to doing sth则表示“习惯于做”。,88、watch改为watching。Watching在此句中作主语。,89、Unfortunate为Unfortunately. 用副词,作状语,90、among改为in.此处my family 为“我的家庭”， 因此不用among。,25,to see the programme while others preferred 91. another. I am happy with any programme but 92. the others spent a lot time arguing and there 93. was no way of settling the matter except by 94. selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. 95.,91、the改为one。One与下一行的anoother构成 “一个另一个”。,92、am改为was。全文都是叙述过去的事情,93、a lot后加of。a lot不能直接修饰名词。,94、正确。,95、someone改为everyone 或everybody。 从全文语义来看，应为“每一个人”。,26,2000年高考题The day before the speech contest English teacher 86. 【解析】本文讲述一学生在老师的鼓励下,参加演 讲比赛获胜的故事talked to me.She said that she and my schoolmate all 87 wished me success, but it didnt matter that I would 88 win or not.When I was on the stage the next day, I felt so 89 nervous as I shook like a leaf. There were so many people 90.,86、English前加my。Teacher为单数可数名词 前 面要有限定词。,87、schoolmate改为schoolmates。从常识判断，校 友肯定不只一个。,88、that改为whether。Whether常与or not搭配， 表示“是否”之意。,89、正确。,90、as改为that。本句为sothat句式，后面是 一个以that引导的结果状语从句。,27,present ! Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in 91. the crowd, She was smiling but nodding at me. I remembered 92. her words and calm down. I did a good job and won the first 93. prize. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. 94. Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. 95.,91、去掉a。catch sight of（看见、瞥见）为一固 定用法。,92、but改为and。Smiling和nodding两个并列谓语之间， 没有转折意味。,93、calm改为calmed.从前一句可知道时态为一般过去时。,94、is改为are.因为主语是my picture and the prize。谓语动词要用复数。,95、去掉often。有whenever，再用often，意义重复。,28,2001年高考题Like most of my schoolmates. I have neither brothers nor 76 sisters, in any other words, I am an only child. My parents 77 love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure 78,76、正确。,77、去掉any。In other words 为一固定短语， 意思是 “换句话说”。,78、在can后面加to。They can后面承前省去了一个do, they can在此是定语从句修饰all，后面的不定式to make sure作目的状语，故to在此不能省。这句话的意思是“父母亲做他们力所能及的事情,来保证我得到良好的教育”。,29,that I get a good education. They did not want me to do 79 any work at family; they want me to devote all my time to 80 my studies so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. We 81 may be one family and live under a same roof.but we do 82,79、did改为do。整篇文章基本时态为一般现在时，此处用一般过去时态，显然错误。,80、family改为home。at home为固定短语。,81、subject改为subjects。请注意前面的all。,82、a改为the。same前应用定冠词。,30,not seem to get much time to talk about together. It looks 83 as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. Do they 84. really understand their own daughter? What things are in 85. other homes, I wonder.,83、去掉about。about后面没有宾语，about显属多余。,84、and改为or。a visitor和a guest应是选择关系。意思是“好像我我的父母亲把我当作一个来访者或一个客人”。,85、What 改为 How。“我想知道其它家庭的情况是 怎样的”。,31,2002年高考题Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows. its famous 76 mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77 Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78 The mountain. The three of them were very excited. As we 79 climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples 80,76、在famous前加a, 注意mountain是单数可数名词。,77、正确。,78、we前加when，时间状语从句缺少连词引导。,79、them改为us.短文为第一人称。,80、visiting改为visited。Fed, visited, told为并列谓语。,32,and told stories. On the way I was busy taking picture 81 since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82 Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83 of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84 good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment 85 my head touched the pillow.,81、picture要用复数形式pictures.。,82、passes改为passed,整个文章基本时态一般为过去时。,83、去掉down。,84、and改为but，因为此处意义发生转折。,在此用作连词，相85、去掉at。the moment当于 as soon as。,33,2003年全国高考题When I first learned to write in English, I ran into many 76 difficulties. The main problem was in that I always thought 77 in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. 78 My teacher advised me to keep my diary. I followed her 79 advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. 80,76、正确。,77、去掉in。was后面是一个以引导的宾语从句，in是多余的。,78、anything改为everything。anything意为“任何事”，与句意不符。everyhing意为“所有的事”，符合句意。,79、my改为a。,80、去掉should. put和followed是平行结构,作并列谓语。,34,Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was 81learning to express me in simple English. One day I wrote 82 a little story and showed to my teacher. She liked it 83 very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was 84 a good one. Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85.,81、talk改为talking。enjoy后面要求接动名词作宾语。,82、me改为myself。Express oneself为一固定结构， 意为“表明意思、意见，表达思想”。,83、showed后加it。showed在此作及物动词，后面 缺少宾语。,84、reads改为read. liked和read为平行结构,是并列谓语。,85、word改为words。在此表示“他们的话”之意。,35,第三章 高考短文改错的解题技巧,36,一.短文改错真题分析示范下面就2003年全国高考短文改错题，谈谈短文改错题的解题技巧。小结：2003年高考短文改错题涉及到的语言测试点有：动词时态2个，名词复数1个，冠词1个，介词1个，代词3个，非谓语动词1个。由此可见，善于进行语法分析是做好短文改错题的关键。,37,二.短文改错题思路点拨（一）注意语篇环境，侧重语法分析首先，要认真阅读全文，弄懂文意，了解文章所创设的语言环境，为正确判断创造条件。做题时，要避免“只见树木，不见森林”的现象。眼光不能只盯在单句上，而是要跨越句子层次，从整体的角度，从语篇的角度来分析考虑问题。如第80、84题，如果眼光只局限于当前 句，恐怕就很难发现错误。做题思考的切入点应放在语法分析上。,38,（二）注意若干一致性问题一致性问题也是短文改错题常见的测试点。尤其要注意平行和并列结构。如2003年的短文改错题，从全局考虑，我们就可以发现许多一致性问题。80题put down与平行结构followed的时态不一致；,第84题reads与平行结构liked的时态不一致；第85题Their word were a great主谓不一致等。在做题的过程中，主要查看的一致关系包括主谓是否一致，代词与指代物是否一致，比较对象和范围是否一致，时态是否呼应，逻辑和语篇结构是否一致等。如：Between the two buildings stand a hospital.分析：stand改为stands。此句为倒装句。主语应为hospital，而非buildings。又如：Both of his parents were ill. so he sent for a doctor to see him.分析：him改为them。父母亲是两人，应用them来代。,39,（三）注意词的形式的误用动词要查看时态、语态、非谓语形式是否误用；名词查看单复数是否误用；冠词要查看是否漏掉或误用;介词要查看搭配是否误用；形容词、副词要查看三级及相互之间是否误用。如81题enjoy后面误用了动词原形，85题为名词复数误用单数。又如：She looked angrily at the news on the radio.分析：angrily改为angry。“at the news”相当于“on hearing the news”,故looked为连系动词,后面要求形容词。再如：A 18-meter-long bridge will be built here. 分析：A改为An.“18”的英语读音以元音开头。,40,（四）注意从（分）句的连接是否恰当要注意那些表示因果、让步、递进、转折、并列等关系的连接词使用是否恰当，是否有遗漏或误用现象。如：He knows a lot about radio, and he is young.分析：and改为though。后面意义转折。,（五）注意固定搭配、行文逻辑及一般常识固定搭配，只要平时熟记，改出来应该是不会难的。例如：第82题，如果你知道express oneself 这一固定搭配。改出来应该是不成问题的。逻辑方面的错误，应该从语境的角度来考虑。如:He hardly did physical exercise, so he became as strong as a horse.分析：so改为but。既然几乎不进行体育锻炼，又怎么会强壮如牛呢？前后矛盾。,41,又如：Its two years since his husband died.分析：his 改为her。“他”怎么会有“husband”呢？（六）注意四个不改单词拼写不改；大小写不改；词序错误不改（应从错词或少词方面去考虑）；标点符号不改。（七）注意解题规范要严格按照示范用规定的符号改错，切勿离开文后的10道横线在原文的字里行间勾勾划划、涂涂改改。要记住，“”、“”、“”、“”、分别代表正确无误、错词纠正、缺词填补、多词删除。切忌用文字说明或用箭头表示。 如以下做法是错误的，在高考中是要扣分的：,42,1Many people are like sports all over the world 去掉are2Therefore, there are still some countries where people have shorter lives. Therefore 改为However3. I got lost and must ask a policeman the way. 将must改为had to.4. But how sleep do we actually need? 在sleep前加much,43,三.短文改错解题步骤,（一）通读全文，确认时态动词是语句的核心，也是描述事物的主要手段。一篇短文的基本时态若确定，其它时态、语态等动词的相关形式也就有章可循、有法可依了。（二）整句理解，分行搜索短文改错的命题形式是在文章的后面划出标有题号的10行横线供考生作答。10行的划线与句子的始末并非一致。也就说，短文改错是以句为阅读单位，以行为解题单位。这就要求考生在解题时按句子整体理解上下文，同时又在每一行仔细搜索，判断正误。,44,（三）复读检查，前后贯通将所改答案放入文中通读一遍，依靠平时积累的词语、语法和惯用语用法知识及语感，检测修改后的文章看是否通达顺畅。复读过程中，既要重视词语、句子的字面含义，又要弄清文字段落内在的含义和逻辑关系，以及结构的完整、规范，如发现语句不通或不合逻辑，则应重新修改。,45,第四章 单句改错训练,第一节 多词的7种情形第二节 漏词的6种情形第三节 错词的12种情形,46,近几年的高考短文改错题,设错方式比较固定：正确为1个,多词或缺词共计3个,错词为6个,其比例为1:3:6. 下面就这三种错误类型进行单句改错练习。,第一节 多词的7种情形一、多冠词 1.On the bus I caught a sight of my English teacher. 2.Wish you a good luck. 3. Someti