大学英语文章开头和结尾的写法PPT课件

.,1,Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.,.,2,Anargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,toapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.,.,3,专业4级写作,第1步了解专四写作基本要求：专四概要作文时间：35分钟字数：200词便条时间：10分钟字数：5060词第2步研究专四写作历年真题：熟悉真题命题思路，才能适应考试，才能写出符合要求的文章，并作出合理的预测。第3步根据写作中所遇问题，进行自我评估：问题评估提笔无话可说不只是英语水平有限有话说不出需要加强语言基本功的训练表意不清多多背诵高分词汇、精彩句式内容空洞加强思维拓展训练个别地方意思表达不准确需要仔细检查改正,.,4,作文的主要类型,一般来说，各类考试中涉及到的作文，按照命题形式可划分为提纲式作文、图表式作文、规定情景式作文等类型。,.,5,1.提纲式作文,1)对比选择型2)给定观点型3)自由发挥型2图表式作文3规定情景式作文,.,6,2009WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?对比选择型（社会生活类）2008TheBenefitsforVolunteering给定观点型（社会生活类）2007IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?对比选择型（社会生活类）2006SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney对比选择型（社会生活）2005MyIdeaofaUniversityArtFestival自由发挥型（校园）,.,7,2004WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?对比选择型（社会生活）2003TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood给定观点型（社会生活）2002TheBestWaytoStayHealthy自由发挥型（社会生活）2001TravelBroadenstheMind给定观点型2000TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivities给定观点型（校园）1999AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision对比选择型（社会生活）,.,8,1998OneWaytoSolvetheProblem自由发挥型（社会生活）1997MorePressurefromAcademicStudiesDoes(orDoesnot)GoodtoUs对比选择型（校园）1996TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife对比选择型（校园）1995TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPart-timeJobs对比选择型（校园）1994TV:aGoodThingoraBadThing?对比选择型（社会生活）,.,9,1作文开头部分的写作,1)开门见山，点明主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题和论点是什么。这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”两种提纲式作文。2002年的专四作文考题“TheBestWaytoStayHealthy”,.,10,2002年的专四作文考题“TheBestWaytoStayHealthyThebestwaytostayhealthyistodevelopagoodqualityofpsychology(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心态。),.,11,WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor,Thesedaysweoftenhearaboutthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor(最近我们经常听到贫富差距拉大。),.,12,2)正反表态法,在开头一段中把正反观点都表达出来，最后一句写自己的观点。用一、两句介绍主题，再用一、两句介绍正反两种观点或看法，接下来再表达自己的看法。这种写法比较适合“对比选择型”题目。,.,13,1999年“AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”,NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeverydaySomepeoplethinkthatadvertisingonTVcanbringusalotofbenefits,butothersholdthedifferentopinionsInmyopinionIaminfavoroftheformer,.,14,WhereWouldYouGoafterGraduation,Aftergraduation,somestudentschoosetogotosupercitiesforcareerdevelopmentMeanwhile，somestudentsprefertoreturntotheirhometownsAsforme，Iwouldliketogobacktomyhomecity,.,15,3)让步法,也称为先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。,.,16,2004年“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”,Nowadays，youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherratherthanwritelettersSomeareworriedthatletterwritingwillbeuselessinthefutureEvenso,Istillmaintainthatletterwritingwillneverbekilledbyphones，despitethatwehavealreadysteppedintotheinformationage,.,17,“DegreeandUniversityStudy”(学位与大学学习)的范文的开头一段采用了先抑后扬的手法，首先肯定学位的重要性，然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习的一切”这样的观点,.,18,Inoursociety，themostcommonlyrecognizedstandardofastudentsacademicachievementisthedegreeConsequentlysomepeopleregardthedegreeastheonlythingvaluablewhilestudyingincollegeAdmittedly，thedegreeisimportantforstudentswhowantaprosperousfuture，butitisbynomeanstheonlypurposeatuniversity,.,19,4)背景法,对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件的原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。1998年的专四作文考题“OneWaytoSolvetheProblem”(解决问题的一个方法)的首段可以先介绍机动车是城市污染的主要来源，接下来亮出自己的观点发展公共交通：VehiclesareamajorsourceofairpollutionincitiesInmyopinion，thesolutiontothispollutionproblemisdevelopingthemodernpublictransportation,.,20,2003年“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”,Themodernsocietyischaracterizedbyrapidpace，andpeopleinsuchasocietyhavetocopewithalotofpressuresfromeitherouterworldorinnerwillThemostdifficult，butnecessarythingforthemistokeepagoodmoodunderwhatevercircumstances,.,21,“HowtoDealwiththeProblemofUnemployment”,Inrecentyears，ChinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinunemploymentrateUnemploymentismorethananeconomicproblemIfitwerenothandledproperly，itwouldresultinserioussocialproblemsEffectivemeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheunemploymentproblem,.,22,5)提问式,要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点。或者，对自己的观点做个理由概述先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。,.,23,FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults,Ofthevariousfactorsthatcanhaveinfluenceonyoungadults，thefamilyandfriendsstandoutmostWhichofthetwoismoreimportant?Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,24,ChoosingaJobProfitableoraJobILove,Howcanonefindadesirablejob?ThisquestionpuzzlesnearlyeveryoneInpractice，mostpeoplelookforwell-paidjobswhileafewsearchforjobstheylove,.,25,2作文结尾部分的写作,结尾是对全篇的总结、概括，也叫结束语。文章或段落的结尾和开头对整个文章来说是非常重要的。这是作者最后一次和读者交流的机会，这里可以进一步地进行解释、加强或者总结你在文中所阐述的观点和看法。一个好的结尾可以给评阅老师留下好的印象,.,26,1)总结式,对全文做简短的归纳、概括，得出结论。AMajorAdvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision最后一段总结了中间段落的两个分论点，就电视广告所传达的信息、而言，制造商和消费者都能受益：Fromtheabove，wecaneasilyseethatTVadvertisingisbeneficialbothtomanufacturersandconsumersonaccountoftheabundantinformationitprovided,.,27,在“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”的最后一段，同样也总结了中间两段的分论点，保持良好心情既有助于建立友谊，也有助于保持健康：Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors，wemaydrawtheconclusionthatkeepingagoodmoodbringsyounotonlyfriendship，buthealthaswell,.,28,2)重申式,重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想。例如，在“SchoolandMajor?”的范文中的最后一段再次强调作者观点(Ipreferaprestigiousuniversity)：Asforme，choosingagooduniversityiswiser，asfarasthefuturejob-huntingisconcerned,.,29,在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者观点：Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults最后一段再次强调作者观点：But，generallyspeaking，inmostcases，friendsarethemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,30,3)引申式,提出建议，提供解决办法。这种方法特别适用于讨论问题的文章，例如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决办法，也可展望未来。住文章结尾处表示对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。例如，在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor的最后一段中提出建议，为了解决贫富差距问题，必须加大教育投资，创造就业机会：.Thegovernmentshouldmakemoreinvestmenttoensureequalchancesofeducation.Weshouldcreatemorejobopportunities.,.,31,在“HavingaCompanybeforeGraduation”中，在说明了大学生在开公司前要慎重考虑后，在最后一句话提出，大学生应该记得自己的身份，大学学习才是他们毕业后走向社会的必要准备，主题有所深化：Fromtheabovediscussion,IholdtheviewthatcollegestudentsshouldbecarefulwhentheydecidewhethertheyshouldhaveacompanyornotTheyshouldremembertheyarestudents，andtheirstudyinuniversityistheessentialpreparationfortheirsuccessinsocietyaftergraduation,.,32,第二段落论证手法(1)举例或例证法(ExampleandIllustration),举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化，而所举的事例也应该具有充分的说服力，同时逻辑严密。2001年的专四作文考题“TravelBroadenstheMind”(旅游开阔视野)的主体段可以通过“自己到西安旅游”的例子进行论证,.,33,ConsidermyownexperienceasanexampleTwoyearsago，IvisitedXian，anancientcityXianisacityofrichculturalinheritanceTherearesomanyplacesofintereststhere，suchastheoldcitywalls，thetomboftheEmperorQinandsoonItseemsthateverythingtheretellthestoriesandhistoryoftheancientChinaInthisway,Ihavegainedknowledgeofhistoryandculture，whichismorevividandimpressivethanwhatislearnedinclass,.,34,在“OpportunityandSuccess”(机遇与成功)的范文的论证过程中，以牛顿发现万有引力定律为例，说明了获得机遇只是获得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才会变成现实,.,35,Whenanopportunitycomes，itbringspromiseforsuccess，butthatpromisenevercomestruebyitsownThepopularstoryofhowNewtonwashitbyafallingappleandthusfindingtheUniversalLawofGravitationalsoprovesthisIsupposemanypeoplebeforeNewtonsawapplesfall，butnonefoundanythingaboutgravityHowever，Newtontooktheopportunitytothinkaboutthephenomenonfurther，proposeanddemonstrateatheorytoexplainitThisindicatesyoumustmakeeffortsbefore，duringandafteryougetanopportunityThus，whenitiscoming，youcanrecognizeit；whenitisthere，youcangraspit；whenitisinyourhand，youcanturnitintosuccess,.,36,(2)因果法(CauseandEffect),因果关系可分为前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因等多种形式,.,37,2004年的专四作文考题“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的一个参考写法，作者持否定态度，他给出了三个理由,First，peoplecannotonlygreeteachotherbutalsoexchangetheirthoughtsinlettersBecausewhenapersonwrites，hemustorganizehismindandexpresshisideasandfeelingsmorelogically，whiletelephoneoftenmakespeoplelazySecond，letterscanbekeptasarecordofmemory，whilephonecannotYoucanimagine，whenyoureadsomeoldletters，alotofbeautifulandindeliblememorieswillbebroughtbacktoyouLast，sendingaletterismuchcheaperthanhavingatelephonecall，especiallywhenwhomyouwanttocommunicatewithisinanothercity,.,38,在“HowtoGetAlongwithYourRoommates?”(如何与你的室友相处?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式论证了室友关系的重要性：,RoommatesconstitutethemostintimatepartnersinourcollegelifeTheyenableustohaveaccesstodifferentregionalsubculturesofChina，differentpersonalitiesanduniqueness，andsomeofthemwillbecomeourlifefriendsTheyalsocompriseourwarmdormitoryforfouryearsTheseadvantages.,.,39,(3)比较与对比法(ComparisonandContrast),对两个或多个事物的异同之处逐点进行比较对照，排列顺序为：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；。对两个或多个事物的异同之处分别进行比较对照，排列顺序为：A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3；。比较和对比法常用的过渡词有：like，likewise，unlike，similarly，inthesameway，ontheotherhand，comparewith，bycomparison，incontrastto，onthecontrary，but，yet，insteadwhile，whereas，however，nevertheless,.,40,1996年的专四作文考题“TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife”(我的大学生活和中学生活的主要不同)的范文，对比了大学牛活和中学生活在课外活动方面的不同，如下：.thesociallifeincollegeiscolorfulVariousclubsandcommunitieswelcomeanystudents，whereasinmiddleschool，chancesforextracurricularactivitieswerelittle,.,41,“InternetorLibrary?”(上网还是去图书馆?),Foronething，IamofopinionthatlibraryismoreofareliablesourceofinformationAsisknown，publicationswillhavetogothroughstrictcensorshipbeforetheycomeout