1952年统一海船扣押某些规定的国际公约(附英文)

1952 年统一海船扣押某些规定的国际公约年统一海船扣押某些规定的国际公约 简介：简介： 1952 年 5 月 10 日，国际社会在布鲁塞尔订立了统一海船扣押某些规定的国际公约 。该公约主要 有以下特点：（1）对“海事请求”采取封闭式的定义方式，即仅列举若干海事请求项目，不对海事请求下 定义，也没有用诸如“其他海事请求”的“兜底条款”。 （2）该公约没有将扣押船舶分为诉讼前扣押船舶和诉 讼中扣押船舶，公约关于扣押船舶的属地管辖原则对这两种扣押都适用。 （3）该公约对不受诉讼管辖协议 或仲裁协议约束的原则并没有明确规定。 鉴于两大法系国家在船舶扣押制度上存在很大的分歧和差异，国际海事委员会在制定 1952 年扣船公 约时便没有给船舶扣押行为定性，该公约既没有将其与英美法系国家的对物诉讼概念相联系，也没有将其 与大陆法系国家的财产保全理论相混同。1952 年扣船公约只是在有限的范围内统一了船舶扣押行为可以 产生的法律效力，即授权扣船法院取得管辖权，但不排除有管辖权的法院或仲裁庭行使管辖权，并允许为 执行国外的法院判决或仲裁裁决而在国内扣船取得担保。公约所采取的这一灵活立场，有利于促进船舶扣 押制度在国际范围内的统一，许多国家已批准加入 1952 年扣船公约，采纳了公约的做法，该公约现已生 效。 以 1952 年扣船公约为基础的国际扣船制度反映了船舶扣押的双重作用：扣船法院取得管辖权；为法 院判决或仲裁裁决提供担保。该公约是两大法系扣船制度相互妥协的产物。它保留了英国对物诉讼的一些 基本特点，同时纳入了大陆法系关于财产保全的有关规定。公约反映了航运制度的特殊性和船舶扣押的国 际性。公约承认扣船法院与案件实体问题审理法院的分离这一现实情况，以建立担保作为扣船制度的核心 内容。公约旨在为海事请求权人在缔约国范围内申请扣船，保全海事请求提供法律依据。 截至 2007 年 9 月，参加该公约的国家有八十多个，有：阿尔及利亚、安提瓜岛、巴哈马群岛、比利 时、伯利兹城、贝宁湾、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、香港、澳门、中国、科摩罗、刚果、哥斯达 尼加、科特迪瓦、克罗地亚、古巴、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼加、埃及、斐济、芬兰、法国、加蓬、德国、 希腊、格林纳达、圭亚那、几内亚、海地、爱尔兰、意大利、高棉、基里巴斯、拉脱维亚、卢森堡、马达 加斯加岛、摩洛哥、毛里塔尼亚、毛里求斯、纳米比亚、荷兰、尼日尔、尼日利亚、北婆罗洲、挪威、巴 拉圭、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森及格瑞纳丁群岛、沙捞越、 塞内加尔、塞舌尔、斯洛文尼亚、所罗门群岛、西班牙、苏丹、瑞典、瑞士、叙利亚、乍得、多哥、汤加、 特克斯和凯科斯群岛、图瓦卢、英国、美国、直布罗陀、英属维尔京群岛、百慕大群岛、安圭拉，凯门鳄 群岛、蒙特塞拉特岛、格恩西岛、扎伊尔。我国不是该公约的缔约国。 正文：正文： 各缔约国 鉴于有通过协议制定关于扣留海船的某些法律规定的愿望，决定为此目的而签订公约，并议定以下各条： 第一条第一条 在本公约内，下列各词具有本条确指的涵义： 1、 “海事请求”是指由于下列一个或一个以上的原因引起的请求。 （1）发生碰撞或处于其他状态下的船舶所造成的损害； （2）由于任何船舶或因任何船舶的操作而造成的人身伤亡； （3）海难救助； （4）与使用或租赁任何船舶的协议，不论是以租船合同或其他形式出现； （5）关于在任何船上运输货物的协议，不论是以租船合同或其他形式出现； （6）任何船舶所载货物包括行李的灭失或损失； （7）共同海损； （8）船舶抵押借款； （9）拖带； （10）引水； （11）在任何地方供应船舶营运或日常维护所需的物品或材料； （12）任何船舶的建造、修理或装备，或船坞费用或规费； （13）船长、高级船员或一般船员的工资； （14）船长所支付的费用，包括托运人、承租人或代理人代表船舶或其他船舶所有人支付的费用； （15）对任何船舶的权利和所有权方面的争执； （16）任何船舶的共有人之间对该船的所有权、占有权、营运或获利方面的争执； （17）任何船舶的抵押权或质权； 2、 “扣留”是指依照法律程序扣押船舶，以便保全海事请求，但不包括因执行或满足一项判决而扣押船舶。 3、 “人”包括个人、合伙人和法人团体、政府、政府部门和公共权力机构。 4、 “请求人”是指主张存在对其有利的海事请求的人。 第二条第二条 悬挂任一缔约国旗帜的船舶，得因任何海事请求，而在任何缔约国管辖区域内被扣，但不得因其他请求而 被扣；本公约中的任何规定，都不得视为扩大或限制根据各该国国内法律或规章赋予其政府或政府所属部 门、公共权力机构或码头或港口当局，在其管辖区域内扣留、扣押，或以其他方式阻止船舶开航的权利。 第三条第三条 1、除本条第 4 款及第十条另有规定外，请求人得扣留引起海事请求的当事船舶，或在发生海事请求时属 于当事船舶所有人的任何其他船舶，即使被扣留船舶准备开航，亦得扣留；但除引起请求的当事船舶以外， 其他任何船舶都不得因第一条第 1 款第（15） 、 （16） 、 （17）各项所述海事请求而被扣。 2、各船全部股份由同一人或相同数人所有时，这些船舶便视为属于同一所有人。 3、一艘船舶在任何缔约国的任何一个或一个以上的管辖区内，又得因同一海事请求而被同一请求人扣留 一次以上，亦不得提交一次以上的保证金额或其他保全。如果一船正在上述任一管辖区内被扣，或为使该 船获释或避免扣留的威胁，已在该管辖区内提交保证金或其他保全，此后，由同一请求人就同一海事请求 案件，对该船或该船同一所有人的其他船舶的扣留，应被撤销；且应由该法院或该国其他适当司法机关将 该船释放。但请求人能根据法院或该国其他适当司法机关的要求，证明上述保证金或其他保全已在其后发 生的扣留以前最后发还，或有充分理由维持该项扣留的除外。 4、如系光船租赁，则承租人而非登记船舶所有人应对与船有关的海事请求负责，请求人得在不违反本公 约规定的条件下扣留该船，或为该光船承租人所有的任何其他船舶；但登记船舶所有人的其他船舶不得因 此种海事请求而被扣。本款规定应适用于登记船舶所有人以外的人须对与该船有关的海事请求负责的任何 案件。 第四条第四条 船舶只能由执行扣留的缔约国的法院或适当司法机关扣留。 第五条第五条 法院或其他适当司法机关，应在提供充分保证金或其他保全后，允许释放在其管辖区内扣留的船舶；但该 船是因第一条第 1 款（15）和（16）项所列海事请求而被扣的除外。在这种情况下，法院或其他司法机关， 在该船占有人提供充分保证金或其他保全后，可允许其继续营运，或在扣留期间以其他方式处理该船营运 问题。 如有关方面在保证金或其他保全是否充分的问题上未获协议，法院或其他适当司法机关应就上述保证 金或保全的性质和数额做出决定。 提供这种保全，以便使该船获释的请求，不得被解释为船舶所有人对责任的承认，或对法定的责任限 制利益的放弃。 第六条第六条 在任何案件中，请求人是否须对因扣留船舶而引起的损害，或为释放或防止扣留船舶而提供的保证金或其 他保全的费用负责等问题，都应当根据在其管辖区内进行或要求扣留的缔约国法律决定。 关于扣留船舶和为申请取得第四条所列权力的程序规则，以及对扣留船舶所能引起的一切程序问题，应根 据在其境内进行或要求扣留的缔约国法律决定。 第七条第七条 1、如果扣船国家的法律赋予法院管辖权，或有下列情况之一，扣船国家的法院得就该案的实体问题，做 出判决： （1）如果请求人在执行扣留的国家设有经常住所或主要营业处所； （2）如该请求是在执行扣留的国家发生； （3）如该请求关系到船舶被扣的航次； （4）如该请求是由于碰撞所引起，或在 1910 年 9 月 23 日于布鲁塞尔签订的“统一船舶碰撞方面若干 法律规定的国际公约”第十三条所述情况下发生； （5）如该请求是因救助而发生； （6）如该请求是就被扣船舶的抵押权或质权问题而提出的； 2、如果在其管辖区域内扣留船舶的法院对该案实体问题的决定，没有管辖权，则根据第五条规定，为使 船舶获释而提供的保证金及其他保全，应特别提明，该项保证金或保全是为保证执行对上述决定具有管辖 权的法院可能宣告的判决而提出的；而执行扣船国家的法院或其他适当司法机关，应规定请求人须向具有 此种管辖权的法院提起诉讼的期限。 3、如果双方当事人已同意将争议提交在其管辖权以内执行扣船的法院以外的法院或提交仲裁，则在其管 辖权以内执行的扣留的法院或其他适当司法机关，得规定请求人应提起诉讼的期限。 4、如在前述两款中任一情况下，在规定期限内，未提起诉讼或仲裁，被告得申请释放船舶，或发还保释 金或其他保全。 5、本条不适用于经过修订的 1868 年 10 月 17 日莱茵河航行公约中所列举的情况。 第八条第八条 1、本公约规定，应适用于在任何缔约国管辖区域内悬挂缔约国旗帜的任何船舶。 2、悬挂缔约国旗帜的船舶，得因第一条所列任一海事请求，或缔约国法律准许扣留该船的任何其他请求 而被扣。 3、尽管如此，任何缔约国都有权全部或部分排除非缔约国任何政府，或在扣船时在内无经常住所或主要 营业所的任何个人享受本公约的利益。 4本公约中的任何规定，都不得修改或影响各缔约国关于在被扣船舶船旗国管辖区域内，由在该国设有 经常住所或主要营业所的人扣留船舶的现行法律规定。 5、如海事请求是由原请求人以外的第三者以代位、指定或其他方式提出，该第三者应在本公约所述范围 内，视为具有与原请求人相同的经常住所或主要营业所。 第九条第九条 本公约中的任何规定，都不得被解释为产生脱离本公约规定而根据受诉讼法院适用的法律所不能发生的诉 权，亦不得被解释为产生根据上述法律或海上抵押权和留置权公约（如果后者适用）并不存在的任何海上 留置权。 第十条第十条 缔约国在签署本公约、交存批准书或加入本公约时保留以下权利： （1）不将本公约适用于因第一条（15）和（16）项所列举的任何请求而扣留船舶的事件，而将其国 内法适用于此种请求； （2）不将第三条第 1 款适用于因第一条（17）项所列的请求而在其管辖区域内扣留船舶的事件。 形式条款（第十一至十八条）形式条款（第十一至十八条） 第十一条第十一条 各缔约国保证将各国间由于解释或引用本公约而产生的任何争执提请仲裁，但这不应妨碍已协议将其争执 提交国际法院的各缔约国的义务。 第十二条第十二条 本公约须经出席第九届海洋法外交会议各国签字，签字记录应由比利时外交部拟就。 第十三条第十三条 本公约须经批准。批准书应交存比利时外交部，该部应将批准书的交存情况通知所有签字国和加入国。 第十四条第十四条 1、本公约在最初签字的二国间，应自交存第二份批准书六个月后开始生效。 2、本公约对在交存第二份批准书以后批准本公约的缔约国，自该国交存批准书六个月后生效。 第十五条第十五条 未派代表参加第九届海洋法外交会议的国家得加入本公约。 任何国家加入本公约，均应通知比利时外交部，该部应通过外交途径将此事通知所有签字国和加入国。 本公约对加入国应自收到该国通知之日起六个月后生效，但不能在根据第十四条 1 款规定于本公约生 效以前生效。 第十六条第十六条 任何缔约国都可以在本公约对该国生效三年后，或其后任何时期，要求召开会议，以便考虑修改本公约事 宜。 欲行使此项权利的缔约国，应通知比利时政府，该政府则将在此后六个月以内召集会议。 第十七条第十七条 任何缔约国都有权在本公约对该国生效后，在任何时期，退出本公约。这种退出应自比利时政府接到通知 之日起一年以后生效，比利时政府应通过外交途径，通知所有其他缔约国。 第十八条第十八条 1、任何缔约国都可以在批准或加入本公约当时或其后任何时期，书面通知比利时外交部，声明将本公约 的适用范围扩大至在国际关系上由其负责的任何领土。本公约的适用范围，便应在比利时政府外交部获此 项通知六个月以后，扩大至上述领土，但其日期不得先于本公约在该签字国生效的日期。 2、根据本条 1 款已声明将本公约的适用范围扩大至在国际关系上由其负责的领土的缔约国，得于此后任 何时期通知比利时外交部，声明本公约不再适用于该领土；本公约于比利时外交部接获此通知一年后，即 不再将其适用范围扩大到该领土。 3、比利时外交部应通过外交途径，将本条所列各项知照所有签字国和加入国。 本公约于 1952 年 5 月 10 日订于布鲁塞尔，共一份，用法文和英文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO ARREST FOR SEAGOING SHIPS (Brussels, May 10, 1952) Preamble Omitted ARTICLE 1 In this Convention the following words shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them: (1) Maritime Claim means a claim arising out of one or more of the following: (a) damage caused by any ship either in collision or otherwise; (b) loss of life or personal injury caused by any ship or occurring in connexion with the operation of any ship; (c) salvage; (d) agreement relating to the use or hire of any ship whether by charterparty or otherwise; (e) agreement relating to the carriage of goods in any ship whether by charterparty or otherwise; (f) loss of or damage to goods including baggage carried in any ship; (g) general average; (h) bottomry; (i) towage; (J) pilotage; (k) goods or materials wherever supplied to a ship for her operation or maintenance; (1) construction, repair or equipment of any ship or dock charges and dues; (m) wages of Masters, Officers, or crew; (n) Masters disbursements, including disbursements made by shippers, charterers or agent on behalf of a ship or her owner; (o ) disputes as to the title to or ownership of any ship; (p) disputes between co-owners of any ship as to the ownership, possession, employment, or earnings of that ship; (q) the mortgage or hypothecation of any ship. (2) Arrest means the detention of a ship by judicial process to secure a maritime claim, but does not include the seizure of a ship in execution or satisfaction of a judgment. (3) Person includes individuals, partnerships and bodies corpo-rate, Governments, their Departments, and Public Authorities. (4) Claimant means a person who alleges that a maritime claim exists in his favour. ARTICLE 2 A ship flying the flag of one of the Contracting States may be arrested in the jurisdiction of any of the Contracting States in respect of any maritime claim, but in respect of no other claim; but nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to extend or restrict any right or powers vested in any governments or their departments, public authorities, or dock or habour authorities under their existing domestic laws or regulations to arrest, detain or otherwise prevent the sailing of vessels within their jurisdiction. ARTICLE 3 (1) Subject to the provisions of para. (4) of this article and of article 10, a claimant may arrest either the particular ship in respect of which the maritime claim arose, or any other ship which is owned by the person who was, at the time when the maritime claim arose, the owner of the particular ship, even though the ship arrested be ready to sail; but no ship, other than the particular ship in respect of which the claim arose, may be arrested in respect of any of the maritime claims enumerated in article 1, (o), (p) or (q). (2) Ships shall be deemed to be in the same ownership when all the shares therein are owned by the same person or persons. (3) A ship shall not be arrested, nor shall bail or other security be given more than once in any one or more of the jurisdictions of any of the Contracting States in respect of the same maritime claim by the same claimant: and, if a ship has been arrested in any of such jurisdictions, or bail or other security has been given in such jurisdiction either to release the ship or to avoid a threatened arrest, any subsequent arrest of the ship or of any ship in the same ownership by the same claimant for the maritime claim shall be set aside, and the ship released by the Court or other appropriate judicial authority of that State, unless the claimant can satisfy the Court or other appropriate judicial authority that the bail or other security had been finally released before the subsequent arrest or that there is other good cause for maintaining that arrest. (4) When in the case of a charter by demise of a ship the charterer and not the registered owner is liable in respect of a maritime claim relating to that ship, the claimant may arrest such ship or any other ship in the ownership of the charterer by demise, subject to the provisions of this Convention, but no other ship in the ownership of the registered owner shall be liable to arrest in respect of such maritime claim. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply to any case in which a person other than the registered owner of a ship is liable in respect of a maritime claim relating to that ship. ARTICLE 4 A ship may only be arrested under the authority of a Court or of the appropriate judicial authority of the contracting State in which the arrest is made. ARTICLE 5 The Court or other appropriate judicial authority within whose jurisdiction the ship has been arrested shall permit the release of the ship upon sufficient bail or other security being furnished, save in cases in which a ship has been arrested in respect of any of the maritime claims enumerated in article 1, (o ) and (p). In such cases the Court or other appropriate judicial authority may permit the person in possession of the ship to continue trading the ship, upon such person furnishing sufficient bail or other security, or may otherwise deal with the operation of the ship during the period of the arrest. In default of agreement between the parties as to the sufficiency of the bail or other security, the Court or other appropriate judicial authority shall determine the nature and amount thereof. The request to release the ship against such security shall not be construed as an acknowledgment of liability or as a waiver of the benefit of the legal limitations of liability of the owner of the ship. ARTICLE 6 All questions whether in any case the claimant is liable in damages for the arrest of a ship or for the costs of the bail or other security furnished to release or prevent the arrest of a ship, shall be determined by the law of the Contracting State in whose jurisdiction the arrest was made or applied for. The rules of procedure relating to the arrest of a ship, to the application for obtaining the authority referred to in Article 4, and to all matters of procedure which the arrest may entail, shall be governed by the law of the Contracting State in which the arrest was made or applied for. ARTICLE 7 (1) The Courts of the country in which the arrest was made shall have jurisdiction to determine the case upon its merits if the domestic law of the country in which the arrest is made gives jurisdiction to such Courts, or in any of the following cases namely: (a) if the claimant has his habitual residence or principal place of business in the country in which the arrest was made; (b) if the claim arose in the country in which the arrest was made; (c) if the claim concerns the voyage of the ship during which the arrest was made; (d) if the claim arose out of a collision or in circumstances covered by article 13 of the International Convention for the unification of certain rules of law with respect to collisions between vessels, signed at Brussels on 23rd September 1910; (e) if the claim is for salvage; (f) if the claim is upon a mortgage or hypothecation of the ship arrested. (2) If the Court within whose jurisdiction the ship was arrested has not jurisdiction to decide upon the merits, the bail or other security given in accordance with article 5 to procure the release of the ship shall specifically provide that it is given as security for the satisfaction of any judgment which may eventually be pronounced by a Court having jurisdiction so to decide; and the Court or other appropriate judicial authority of the country in which the claimant shall bring an action before a Court having such jurisdiction. (3) If the parties have agreed to submit the dispute to the jurisdiction of a particular Court other than that within whose jurisdiction the arrest was made or to arbitration, the Court or other appropriate judicial authority within whose jurisdiction the arrest was made may fix the time within which the claimant shall bring proceedings. (4) If, in any of the cases mentioned in the two preceding paragraphs, the action or proceeding is not brought within the time so fixed, the defendant may apply for the release of the ship or of the bail or other security. (5) This article shall not apply in cases covered by the provisions of the revised Rhine Navigation Convention of 17 October 1868. ARTICLE 8 (1) The provisions of this Convention shall apply to any vessel flying the flag of a Contracting State in the jurisdiction of any Contracting State. (2) A ship flying the flag of a non-Contracting State may be arrested in the jurisdiction of any Contracting State in respect of any of the maritime claims enumerated in article 1 or of any other claim for which the law of the Contracting State permits arrest. (3) Nevertheless any Contracting State shall be entitled wholly or partly to exclude from the benefits of this convention any government of a non-Contracting State or any person who has not, at the time of the arrest, his habitual residence or principal place of business in one of the Contracting States. (4) Nothing in this Convention shall modify or affect the rules of law in force in the respective Contracting States relating to the arrest of any ship within the jurisdiction of the State of her flag by a person who has his habitual residence or principal place of business in that State. (5) When a maritime claim is asserted by a third party other than the original claimant, whether by subrogation, assignment or other-wise, such third party shall, for the purpose of this Convention, be deemed to have the same habitual residence or principal place of business as the original claimant. ARTICLE 9 Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as creating a right of action, which, apart from the provisions of this Convention, would not arise under the law applied by the Court which was seized of the case, nor as creating any maritime liens which do not exist under such law or under the Convention on maritime mortgages and liens, if the latter is applicable. ARTICLE 10 The High Contracting Parties may at the time of signature, deposit or ratification or accession, reserve: (a) the right not to apply this Convention to the arrest of a ship for any of the claims enumerated in paragraphs (o ) and (p) of article 1, but to apply their domestic laws to such claims; (b) the right not to apply the first paragraph of article 3 to the arrest of a ship within their jurisdiction for claims set out in article 1 paragraph (q). ARTICLE 11 The High Contracting Parties undertake to submit to arbitration any disputes between States arising out of the interpretation or application of this Convention, but this shall be without prejudice to the obligations of those High Contracting Parties who have agreed to submit their disputes to the International Court of Justice. ARTICLE 12 This Convention shall be open for signature by the States represented at the Ninth Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law. The protocol of signature shall be drawn up through the good offices of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ARTICLE 13 This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs which shall notify all signatory and acceding States of the deposit of any such instruments. ARTICLE 14 (a ) This Convention shall come into force between the two States which first ratify it, six months after the date of the deposit of the second instrument of ratification. (b ) This Convention shall come into force in respect of each signatory State which ratifies it after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification six months after the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification of that State. ARTICLE 15 Any State not represented at the Ninth Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law may accede to this Convention. The accession of any State shall be notified to the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs which shall inform through diplomatic channels all signatory and acceding States of such notification. The Convention shall come into force in respect of the acceding State six months after the date of the receipt of such notification but not before the Convention has come into force in accordance with the provisions of Article 14(a). ARTICLE 16 Any High Contracting Party may three years after coming into force of this Convention in respect of such High Contracting Party or at any time thereafter request that a conference be convened in order to consider amendments to the Convention. A