《英语语言学》答案

英语语言学练习题参考答案一I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given: 1. descriptive 2. place voicing.3. Allophones 4. morpheme.5. signifier and signified.6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning and sounds 10. metalanguage.11. interpersonal textual 12. tone 13. lexeme, 14. suppletives. 15. Semantics 16. Synonyms II. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: ( T ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.( F ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language.( F ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.( T ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.( F ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( T ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.( F ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. ( T ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.( F ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( F ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( T ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.( T ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.( T ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.( F ) 14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.( F ) 15. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.III. Multiple Choice 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.AIV. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share: Example: s f p h voiceless1) g z d2) v h s3) m p b f v4) t d n l s z5) i: i u u:1. voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowelV. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. Example: heat i: vowel front higha) photo b) write c) car d) actor e) city f) city g) worry h) yes a) f voiceless labiodental fricativeb) r alveolar retroflex liquidc) a: low back vowel d) k voiceless velar stope) i lax high front vowel f) s voiceless alveolar fricativeg) w labiovelar glideh) j palatal glideVI. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. Example: vowel front high i:1 bilabial nasal m2 voiced labiovelar glide w3 literal liquid l4 voiced bilabial stop b5 front high lax iVII. Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? In pronouncing key, the voiceless velar stop is palatalized. In key and core, the stop is aspirated. In ski, the stop is also palatalized. In ski and score, the stop is unspirated.VIII. Consider the following words and answer the questions below: a) finger b) disgracefulc) stepsisterd) psycholinguisticse) antidisestablishmentarianismi. Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii. Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so. i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) seven ii)f)g) disgracefulh) stepsisteri)j) antidisestablishmentarianisIX. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house. Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase. A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green. 2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy. A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.X. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:AllophoneAllophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the l, the dark in deal, and the voiceless in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. appears after vowels, after voiceless consonants, and l elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:XI. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences: 1. A clever magician fooled the audience.2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.3. They can fish.4. Pat found a book on Wall Street.5. I saw the man with a telescope.XII. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. a. This is a beautiful girls dress.b. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.c. A woman murderera. This is a dress for beautiful girls. This is a beautiful dress for girls.b. Those who quickly went there made a fortune. Those who went there made a fortune quickly.c. A female murderer A murderer who has murdered a womanXIII. Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (1) flu (2) OPEC (3) Nobel (4) televise (5) better (v.) 1. clipping 2. acronyming 3. eponyming 4. back formation 5. conversionXIV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatc. a bluebird a blue birdd. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeepera) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.c. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue. d. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light.XV. Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy. They are two words which have the same sound and spelling but different meanings.XVI. Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (1) John washed the car.(2) John likes the car.1. material 2. mentalXVII.（答案略） 二I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( T ) 1. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.( F ) 2. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference. II. Multiple Choice 1. _ A _ . 2. _ B _ . 3. _ C _ . 4. _ B _ . 5. _ C _ . 6. _ A _ . III. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.a) My uncle is male.b) The spinster is married.c) Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d) Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e) He has gone to London. He has gone to England.a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. entailment e. presuppositionIV. Data Analysis: 1. What is the illocution of As utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).2. What kind of pre-sequence is As first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: Ill just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestV. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts: 1. The room is messy.2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration: VarietyThe term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a lang