英美文学经典名著欣赏.ppt

,AppreciationofClassicBritishandAmericanLiterature英美文学经典名著解读,ProfessorMaYunxiaSchoolofForeignLanguages外国语学院马云霞教授,Contents,I.BritishLiterature,BritishLiterature,OldEnglishLiterature(8thC.-1066)MiddleEnglishLiterature(1066-14thC.)TheRenaissancePeriod(15thC.-early17thC.)TheNeoclassicPeriod(17thC.-18thC.)TheRomanticPeriod(late18thC.-mid.19thC)TheVictorianPeriod(19thC.)TheModernperiod(20thC.),RepresentativeWriters,1.RenaissanceLiterature,RenaissancePeriod:frommedievaltomodernworld;betweenthe14thand17thcentury.Renaissance:meansrebirth.ReintroductionofGreeceandRome.essence:Humanism.mainstream:Elizabethandramaleadingdramatist:WilliamShakespeare,WilliamShakespeare,WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)-oneofthemostwell-renownedplaywrightandpoets-thebestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanists-famousplays:RomeoandJuliet,TheMerchantofVenice,Hamlet,etc.,WilliamShakespeare,FrancisBacon,FrancisBacon-aphilosopher,ascientistandthefirstEnglishessayist-“thewisest,brightest,andthemeanestofmankind”byAlexanderPope-“therealfatherofEnglishexperimentalscience”byMarx-majorworks:Ofstudies,OfMarriageandSingleLife,JohnDonne:TheFlea,Markbutthisflea,andmarkinthis,Howlittlethatwhichthoudeniestmeis;Meitsuckedfirst,andnowsuckstheeAndinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe;Thouknowstthatthiscannotbesaid;Asin，orshame，orlossofmaidenhead，Yetthisenjoysbeforeitwoo，Andpamperedswellswithonebloodmadeoftwo，Andthis，alas，ismorethanwewoulddo.Andsacrilege,threesinsinkillingthree.,看呀，这只跳蚤，叮在这里，你对我的拒绝多么微不足道；它先叮我，现在又叮你，我们的血液在它体内溶和；你知道这是不能言说的;杀害三条生命会亵渎神灵。,2.RomanticLiterature,Romanticism:artisticphilosophyprevalent(1800-1830).passion,emotionandnaturalbeautyMajorWriters:WilliamBlake,WilliamWordworth,JohnKeats,P.B.Shelley,andGordonByron.,3.TheVictorianLiterature,Victoriantimes:QueenVictoria.Englishcriticalrealism:criticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointdeliveredthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoissociety.greatestcriticalrealist:CharlesDickens.,Expectationsvs.Reality,Thegreatironyofthetitleofthenovelbringhomethelessonsofthoseill-foundedillusions.,WutheringHeights,Gothicnovelastyleofliteraturethatfeaturessupernaturalencounters,crumblingruinsandgrotesqueimagery,seekingtocreateeffectsofmysteryandfear.,ThomasHardy-agreatpoetandgreatcriticalandnaturalistnovelist;-pessimisticsenseofhumansubjectiontofateandcircumstance-setmostlyinthesemi-fictionalregionofWessex-majorworks:TheReturnoftheNative,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,JudetheObscure.,TessoftheDUrbervilles,Themes,fatalismandmodernismunderthecontrolofaforce.Tessstragedyseemsunavoidable.criticismofsocialconventionsoftheVictorianEngland.doublestandardsofsextowhichTessfallsintoavictim.,4.ModernLiterature,Modernismirrationalphilosophytheoryofpsycho-analysismajorthemes:thedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.,Modernism,concentratemoreon:theprivatethanthepublicthesubjectivethanontheobjectivetheinnerbeingofanindividual.notablewritersandworks:T.S.Eliots:TheWasteLandD.H.Lawrence:SonsandLovers,SonsandLovers,D.H.LawrencepsychologicalfictionsMajorworks:SonsandLovers(autographical)TheRainbow,WomeninLove,LadyChatterleysLover.,Themes,Oedipuscomplex（恋母情结）:designateasonssubconsciousfeelingoflovetowardshismotherandjealousyhatredtowardshisfather.Bondage:Mrs.MorelsboundbythestatusasawomanandbyindustrialismandtheromanceofPaul.Paulfeelsboundtohismotherandcannotimagineabandoningherorgettingmarried.,II.AmericanLiterature,AmericanLiterature,ColonialPeriod(early17Clate18C)Romanticliterature(theendofthe18thcenturytotheCivilWar)Realisticliterature(about1865-1918)Modernliterature(about1918-1945),1.RomanticLiterature,Americanromanticismfromtheendof18thcenturytotheCivilWarReasonsforpopularity:democracyandequalitytheboomingeconomytheflourishingpublicationsavarietyofforeigninfluences,Characteristics:moralEnthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.Representatives:WashingtonIrvingNathanielHawthorneWaltWhitman.,TheScarletLetter,Symbolism:aliterarymovementaroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyinfluencesmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.enablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.oneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.,NathanielHawthorne,themostambivalentwriter,aconsummateRomanistgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychologyamasterofsymbolismmajorworks:TheScarletLetter,Twice-toldTales,YoungGoodmanBrown.,LeavesofGrass,WaltWhitmanFreeversehaseithernometricalpatternoranirregularpattern.freespoetsfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsrecreateinsteadthefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.mostnotableexample:WaltWhitmansLeavesofGrass,SongofMyself,Themes:praisestheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignitytheself-reliantspiritturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary;expressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow;offersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.,RepresentativesofAmericanRealism,AmericanNaturalism,Time:late19thtotheearly20thcentury.inspiredbytheprinciplesandmethodsofnaturalscience,esp.Darwinism.extendedfromRealism,aimingatanevenmorefaithfulrepresentationofreality.naturalisticliteratureillustratethedeterministicroleofheredityandenvironmentonhumanlife.Representatives:TheodoreDreiser,FrankNorris,StephenCrane.,EmilyDickinson,Themes,sorrowsandjoys.doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects.frustrationcausedbylove,successandfailure.deathandimmortality.ForDickinson,deathleadstoimmortality.,SisterCarrie,TheodoreDreiserthegreatestAmericanliterarynaturalistmanissubjecttothecontrolofthenaturalforcesespeciallythoseofenvironmentandhereditymajorworks:SisterCarrie,TheFinancier,AnAmericanTragedy,3.ModernLiterature,TheLostGenerationcharacterizeageneralmotifofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotableswholivedinEurope,mostnotablyinpars,aftertheWWI.Thegreatestfiguresin“thelostgeneration”areF.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandWilliamFaulkner.,TheJazzAge,Time:endofWWI1920s;GreatDepression.publicembraceoftechnologicaldevelopmentsandnewmodernisttrendsofsocialart,culturesandbehaviors.mostnotablework:TheGreatGatsby.,TheGreatGatsby,F.ScottFitzgeraldHisTalesoftheJazzAgegavenametothecrucialperiodinAmericanculturalhistoryThespokesmanofthejazzageandamemberofthe“LostGenerationoneofthe20thcenturysgreatestwritersmajorworks:ThisSideofParadise,TheGreatGatsby,TenderIstheNight,TheLastTycoon,-TheDeclineoftheAmericanDreaminthe1920sGatsbysAmericandream:fromapooryouthtobeasuccessfulyoungmanintheupperclass;winningfameandwealth,beingabletowinbackdaisy.Itturnsouttobemeaninglessintheendwithhefindsthatthewomanbeforehimisnotquitetheidealloveofhisdreams.Asenseoflostanddisillusionmentcomesoverhim.The“incorruptibledream”issmashedintopiecesbytherelentlessreality.AndthisfailurepredictstoagreatextenttheendofAmericandream.,TheGreatGatsby,TheOldManandtheSea,TheHemingwayCodeHero（硬汉子）IneachofHemingwaysbooks,thereisaHemingwaycodehero-amanofintegrityandcouragewhobehavenotwithwords,butwithactions.Heisoftenatragicherowhohastofightwiththeoverwhelmingforcesthoughheknowshewillbedefeatedatlast,hedecidestoactlikeahero.SantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaisatypicalHemingwaycodehero.,ErnestHemingway,spokesmanofthelostgenerationtheHemingwayCodeHeroandtheicebergtheoryNobelPrizewinnerin1954majorworks:TheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,ForWhomtheBellTolls,TheOldManandtheSea,TheOldManandtheSea,Itisanepicbattlebetweenanold,experiencedfishermanandagiantmarlin.Afterthe84dayswithnothinghecaughtahugemarlin.Thefishissolargetodragtheboatdriftedfortwodaysandnights,theelderlyfoughthardduringthedays.Finallythefishwasstabbedandtiedtothebow.However,itisunfortunatethatasharksuddenlyturnedupinreturningandateupthemarlinafterfiecestruggle.Thoughhurtantfruitless,theoldmanwasstillappreciated.,Symbols,Theboy-themansyoungerhimselfSea-difficultsituation,darkrealityFish:-Marlin:humanideal,pursuitforbeyondthelimits-Shark:obstacletosuccess,avarietyofdifficulty,BeatGeneration,TheBeatGenerationwasagroupofAmericanpost-WorldWarIIwriterswhocametoprominenceinthe1950s,aswellastheculturalphenomenathattheybothdocumentedandinspired.CentralelementsofBeatcultureincludedrejectionofreceivedstandards,innovationsinstyle,experimentationwithdrugs,alternativesexualities,aninterestinEasternreligion,arejectionofmaterialism,andexplicitportrayalsofthehumancondition.,WilliamFaulkner,20thcenturygreatestwriterinitiatorofSouthernRenaissancemostofhisworksetinYorknapatawphaNobelPrizewinnerin1949majorworks:TheSoundandtheFury;AsILayDying;LightinAugust;Absalom,Absalom,ARoseforEmily,Southernrenaissance-arevivalofAmericansouthernliteraturethatbeganin1920sand1930suntil1950swiththeappearanceofwriterssuchasWilliamFaulkner,AnnTyler,andEudoraWelty.-majorthemes:thesouthsconservativecultureandthesouthstroubledhistory-modernistictechniquessuchasstreamofconsciousnessandcomplexnarrativetechniquestotheirworks.Yorknapatawpha-afictionalcountycreatedbyFaulknerasasettingofmostofhisnovels.,Symbolicuseofrose,-Rose,asasymboloflovebetweenEmilyandthenortherner,usedironicallyandassociatedwithdecayanddeath.-rosecouldpossiblystandforpity,sympathyorthelament“we(thenarrator)showsforEmily.-pityalsogoestothosewhoareimprisonedinthepastandfailtoadapttothechanges.-complicatedfeelingtothesouthandtraumaticeffectonthesouthernpeople.,SouthernGothic:Necrophilia,Themanhimselflayinthebed.Foralongwhilewejuststoodthere,lookingdownattheprofoundandfleshlessgrin.Thebodyhadapparentlyoncelainintheattitudeofanembrace,butnowthelongsleepthatoutlastslove,thatconquerseventhegrimaceoflove,hadcuckoldedhim.Whatwasleftofhim,rottedbeneathwhatwasleftofthenightshirt,hadbecomeinextricablefromthebedinwhichhelay;anduponhimanduponthepillowbesidehimlaythatevencoatingofthepatientandbidingdust.Thenwenoticedthatinthesecondpillowwastheindentationofahead.Oneofusliftedsomethingfromit,andleaningforward,thatfaintandinvisibledustdryandacridinthenostrils,wesawalongstrandofiron-grayhair.,BenjaminFranklin,ThirteenVirtues,一【节制】食不过饱；饮不过量。Temperance:Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.二【静默】言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。Silence:Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.三【条理】各样东西放在一定地方；做事情有一定时间限制。Order:Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.四【决断】决定做应该要做的事；决定后坚持到底。Resolution:Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.五【俭朴】花钱须于人于己有益，不糟蹋浪费。Frugality:Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.wastenothing.,Thi