定语从句讲义

一定语从句定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的 先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等； 关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句B.代替先行词,C.在定语从句中担当一个成分 关系词先行词从句成分例句关系代词who 人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom 人宾语The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingwhose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语表语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.She is not the person that she used to bewhich 物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 备注Who,whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that和who关系副词when时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.where地点状语Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnicwhy原因状语Thisisthereasonwhyhewasfired. 二关系代词表格例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）三6个关系代词的用法1）关系代词that和which的用法which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets.The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.但在有些情况下，只用 that1.先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.2.先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。 This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.3.先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none,any, few, little, no, all, much, every等不定代词时。 You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you.The little money (that) he had was stolen.4.先行词前面有the only, the very,等修饰时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.5.先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?6.主句已有疑问词which时。避免重复使用 Which is the bike that you lost?7. that 在定语从句中作表语 Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.不用that的情况 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food. 有些情况只用which引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry. 关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.2）关系代词who和whom的用法 who指人，在句中作主语和宾语，作宾语可省略。 Whom指人，在句中只能作宾语，可省略，但在介词后面不能省略。She has a brother who worked at that factory ten years ago. The doctor who/whom/that /x she went to the United States with last month is very famous.=The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous.3）关系代词whose的用法 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。 The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.4）关系代词as的用法 先行词前有such、the same时关系代词用asIveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.5）关系副词的用法 含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用 关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool. Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.when=on which where=in which reason=for whichThe day when /on which I met him first was May 1st. This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago. I dont know the reason why /for which he didnt come. .并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句， 若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、 宾语等而不是状语时， 需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 先行词the days表时间， 但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语， 因此不能用when而应该用which或that。 This is the day when I joined the party/which he spent reading the books/which I still never forget. This is the place where I found the book./ which we once visited/which I will never forget/which I am looking forThis is the reason why he was late /that he gave at the meeting for his being late.以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.四介词+关系代词关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。介词+which（指事） 介词+whom（指人）Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor. TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday. ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout. Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThebosswhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions. ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.五代词/数词+介词+关系代词some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.六限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。七As 和which引导非限定性定语从句的辨析关系。关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as 引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。As语义“正如”He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. The street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. She h