如何写好主题句及发展段落

中间落的写作技法（一）如何写出明确的(分)主题句?主旨和主题句: 主旨(thesis statement )针对整个文章而言; 而主题句（topic sentence ）针对段落而言。主旨是对全文中心思想的总结, 靠全文各个段落来支持；而主题句时对段落中心思想的概括, 靠整个段落的内容来发展。在全篇的层次结构中, 主题句支持主旨，同时由段内其他句子支持。所以主题句对段落而言要有概括力; 而对主旨句而言要有体现力。主题句可以出现在段落的任何位置, 甚至可以隐于其间。但是对于TEM-4考试, 由于时间、篇幅有限，为使阅卷教师在第一时间把握主题, 建议大家在文章最显眼的位置, 以明确的方式提出文章的主题。这里我们想澄清一个问题, 根据TEM-4作文指令对内容安排的要的要求，全文的主旨句在开场白提出, 因此第二部分(第二段或第三段)的主题句针对主旨而言是分主题。如果第二部分只说明一个理由, 则段落只有一个分主题句; 如果两个理由在第二部分出现，那么我们要写两个分主题。文章的发展模式如下：发展模式范 例 (提纲形式)第一部分：主旨第二部分：主旨+发展方法（有两个理由）分主题1（理由一）分主题2 （理由二）第三部分：总结适用情况：通常要求议论或表态的场合主： I dont think phones will kill letter writing.分： My viewpoint that phones will never kill letter writing lies in the following two aspects.分1: First, letter writing outweighs pones in some embarrassing situation s inconvenient for face-to face communication. 分2：Second, letter writing can not be replaced by phones to record the ever-lasting of emotion. 第一部分：主旨第二部分：分主题=主旨+一个具体理由第三部分：总结适用情况：通常要求议论或表态的场合主：College life differs from middle school life in that I can enjoy more freedom in college.分：My preference for college life mainly lies in that I am much freer to arrange my life and academic study.第一部分：主旨（利弊两面）第二部分：分主题1分主题2第三部分：总结适用情况：要求利弊、优缺点、褒贬两面论说主：Taking a part-time job for a college student can be a blessing and a curse.分1：It can benefit a student in financial independence and ability training.分2：In spite of the advantages of taking a part-time job, without a proper plan, it can influence the students academic study.第一部分：主旨第二部分：主旨+事例第三部分：总结适用情况：要求以例子、细节为主要内容的一种方法。主：It is obvious that travel can broaden our mind.分：No one can deny the significance of traveling in broadening our mind. Last winter, I went to TEM-4中, 如何写出有效的分主题句呢?1. 分主题的结构: 分主题=论题+具体观点(主旨的某一具体体现)分主题是对主旨的发展。论题规定了 “段落围绕什么展开?” 只有把握住这个大方向, 段落才能做到切题, 不至于跑题。观点是分主题中至关重要的部分,它回答了“段落围绕主题谈了什么”, 或“主旨成立的理由是什么?” 例如, 2006年TEM-4命题作文要求就“网上交友是否明智”发表白己的见解。我们可以得到下面的分论点:Making friends online might result in lacking communication with friends in real life. 论题 观点: 网上交友可能让我们减少和生活中朋友的交流Making friends online may help us enlarge our circle of friends considerably. 论题 观点: 网上交友可以扩大朋友圈再如, 1996年的TEM-4的论题为“A Major Advantage / Disadvantage of Advertising on Television”, 我们可以得到如下的分主题。The major advantage of TV advertising lies in its efficiency in message conveyance. 论题 观点: 电视广告主要优点The major disadvantage of TV advertising lies in its negative influence on young children. 论题 观点: 电视广告主要缺点2. 分主题观点不可过宽或过窄过于宽泛的观点难以在200词的作文或更短的段落里得到充分的阐释; 过于窄的观点则难以给作者留下充分的说明、论证的余地。例如：关于吸毒危害性的话题, 我们可以有观点: 吸毒影响家庭生活。但是这个观点可以写成一本或若干本书, 对于200词左右的作文显然是过于宽泛了，我们不妨进一步将其局限为: 吸毒影响家里的经济状况, 吸毒影响家庭和谐, 吸毒影响孩子教育；这样就变得易于操作了。再如：病例问题分析及变通 (1) Making friends online is helpful. 观点过于宽泛，应该说明在什么方面是有益的。Making friends online is helpful in broadening our friends circle.(2) The first reason is that we need to keep a good mood.一个“need”是不能说明其内容的，“我们为什么需要保持一个好心态？”是处于对健康的考虑，还是对人际关系的考虑？抑或是出于对事业成功等的考虑？一个好的（分）主题句必须将“要求”具体化，变通之后我们可以得到如下的分主题句。First, we need to keep a good mood to build harmonious interpersonal relationship.We need to keep a good mood, first, to keep us healthy physically and mentally.A good mood, first, is more likely to lead us to success in such a competitive society. (3) Cell phone is very important to our life.读了这个句子，我们不知道手机在生活的哪些方面重要？有多重要？在此分主题中显得非常含糊不清。我们应该做如下变通，得到比较得体的分主题句。Cellphone is a very important way of communication.Cellphone is an important means of entertainment.Cellphone is a new way of getting information. (4) Womans role is more difficult to play than that of man.观点过于宽泛，男人、女人都不容易，知识彼此困难的方面不同，应将困难方面具体化。Woman is more difficult than man for they have to bear constant physiological troubles.Compared with men, women have to experience more serious dilemma between tiresome housework and competitive job.(5) One of my legs is longer than the other. 观点过于狭窄,可以发挥的余地很小。Although one of my legs is two inches longer than the other, technology allows me to function perfectly. 3.分主题要足够概括分主题要有足够的概括力是指人们在first, second等表示分论点列举的衔接词后,期望看到的是以命题形式出现的论点，而非论证过程（如下面病例1）；也不是详细的描写（如病例2）。病例问题分析(1) My statement of the importance of keeping a good mood is based on the following reasons. First, I know everyone has such an experience that when you are upset or gloomy, you are unwilling to do anything. You become low-spirited in study or work.First显然是the first reason, 读者期望是具体的理由, 而作者却列举一种现象(每个人曾有的经历)。这种细节不足以担当分论点的角色。(2) First, a 100 year-old man was reported to do physical exercise everyday. He said that it is sports that make him stay healthy.First 后是较为详细的描述,百岁老的长寿经验, 它只是论点“锻炼能人健康”的一个论据,不足以对整段落起到概括的作用。4.分主题表达要充分自信、坚定一个好的(分)主题句应该是有力、坚定、自信的。直截了当地表明观点，而不用刻意强调这是“我自己的观点”, 显得更加客观、自信，因此我们要尽量避免使用“I think”、“I believe”等表达。试着比较下面（分）主题句。（分）主题句分析(1) In this paragraph I will talk about why people go to college.(1) People have many complex reasons for going to college. 和(1)相比.(l)更加直截了当明人们上大学有很多复杂的原因, 而表明以下原因是客观存在的, 而不是一己之见。(2) In my opinion, everyone should exercise. (2) Everyone should exercise to reduce stress, maintain a healthy weight, and feel better overall.“每个人都应该锻炼身体”是不争事实, 所以(2)中“In my opinion显得多余: (2)则具体地说明我要锻炼的理由,表现出作者的自信观点的有力。(3) I think student fees are much too high.(3) Student fees need to be explained and justified.(3)的观点表现出明显的主观性不具有代表性, 并不是所有的人都为学费太高; 但是(3)说“应该学费做出解释和说明”这暗示着众人的声音, 说明学费已经高到必须公众以合理的解释。这样的观点显坚定自信。5.分主题表达要规范这里要特别强调的是: 首先, 分主题要用完整的句子表达;其次, 分主题最好用陈述句表达。同学们在写分主题时常犯的一个语言问题是句子片段, 句子片段是由于句子缺省了必要成分后残缺部分。例如,Why should we keep a good mood under whatever circumstance? First, to be calm enough to make decision. （反意疑问句）The reason for us to keep a good mood under whatever circumstance is that it can help us calm down to make a sensible decision.（陈述句）在这个段落中, 作者应该明确地提出自己的观点, 虽然反意疑问句能表达强烈的感情, 双重否定能够表示充分的肯定，但是它们表达意义时常常带有强烈的主观情感。最客观的才是最有说服力的，因此我们建议大家用陈述句来表达（分）主题。下面这些句子充当分主题显然过于主观，可以做相应的变通。Why shouldnt we keep healthy by doing regular exercise?We should keep healthy by doing regular exercise. No one would doubt the importance of a good mood in keeping a good relationship with others.A good mood is very important in keeping a good relationship with others.、6. 分主题句表达要兼顾行文的连贯与衔接采用“主旨的重复或变体+发展观点”的方法可以保证分主题句和主旨的呼应, 以及和其他分主图局的协调，使得文章显得连贯。如前所述，分主题是对主旨的发展, 所以主旨的重复是必要的。例如, 针对“The best way to stay healthy”的论题，显然主旨应该是“The best way to stay healthy is sth./to do sth.” 我们可以有如下的写作提纲：主旨句：保持健康的最佳方法是均衡饮食。分主题：（1）保证营养均衡（2）可以美健康两不误（3）容易坚持根据提纲，我们可以有如下的分主重复主旨和变通主旨在加上观点发展的方法，可以使读者感觉稳重紧扣主衔接紧凑。The best way to stay healthy is to keep a balanced diet.（主旨）(分主题1) The first reason for a balanced diet as the best way to stay healthy is that it can guarantee us to get all the nutrition our body needs.(分主题2) A balanced diet is the best way to stay healthy also in that you can enjoy the tasty food while staying healthy.(分主题3) We insist on a balanced diet as the best way to stay healthy, also because, compared with other ways, it is easy to be held on. Self-Learning Material and Assignment for Weeks 14判断下列各句是否可以做分主题句，如有不妥，请说明理由。（此题不用做在练习本上，供大家思考、讨论）（1） Because of the various advantages of cellphones, they are now widely use through the world.（2） It is true that the dinning condition here is poor. Generally speaking ,there are tow main problems. （3） Last Sunday, I went to my sisters wedding party.（4） Computer games are harmful to youngsters physically and mentally. （5） Extracurricular activities can develop students sense of cooperation. Assignment 在作文前是同学在作文前对cellphone, traveling, cheating in exam, advertisements 等论题所做的头脑风暴联系，他们已经产生了一列的可能联想。首先，请你将这些思想划分出主要类别（有些偏的、内容无法集中的材料除外），然后用一个词概括每一内容，再给每一类添加一个适当的（分）主题句。(1) CellphoneSMS, chat, game, listen to the music, surf the Internet, receive radio program, take photograph, telephone, radiation, waste time, waste money, distract students from study, fast, convenient, fashion, make friends(2) Traveling Destination, book hotel, camera, luggage, money , beautiful scenery, dialect, lake, places of interest, custom , cultural shock, sunset, cultural information, expe