高考英语复习阅读理解主旨大意题PPT课件

.,1,1、细节理解题(questionsofdetails)2、词义猜测题(wordsincontext)3、推理判断题(questionsofinference)4、主旨归纳题(mainidea),ReadingComprehension,4、主旨归纳题(mainidea),.,2,Questionforms:,1.主题类,（1).Themainideaofthepassageis_.(2).Thepassageismainlyabout_.(3).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize/sumupthemainideaofthepassage?(5).Whatsthemainpoint/mainidea/centralthoughtofthepassage?,.,3,Questionforms:,2.标题类,（1).Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.(2).Thetext(Passage)couldbeentitled_.(3).Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?(4).Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?,3.作者意图类,(1).Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageis_.(2).Thepassageismeantto_.(3).Thepurposeofthisarticleis_.(4).Theauthorspurposeistoshow_.,.,4,主旨大意,Howdowegetthemainideafromaparagraphorpassage?,.,5,查找主旨、标题时，注意最基本、最具有概括力的信息。,1.Choosethemostgeneralword.A)chemistB)physicistC)scientistD)biologist,2.Choosethemostgeneralsentence.A)Thehotelofferscomplimentarycoffeefrom7to10a.m.daily.B)TherearemanyreasonswhyguestsfeelathomeattheGloriettaBayInn.C)Thecoin-operatedlaundryroomhasanironingboard.D)ThereareanumberofextraservicesattheGloriettaBayInnincludingbaby-sitting.,.,6,1Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworldsradioprogramsareinEnglish.,Findthetopicsentence,.,7,2.Letusconsiderhowvoicetrainingmaycontributetopersonalitydevelopmentandanimprovedsocialadjustment.Inthefirstplace,ithasbeenfairlywellestablishedthatindividualstendtobecomewhattheybelieveotherpeoplethinkthemtobe.Whenpeoplereactmorefavorablytowardusbecauseourvoicesconveytheimpressionthatwearefriendly,competent,andinteresting,thereisastrongtendencyforustodevelopthosequalitiesinourpersonality.Ifwearetreatedwithrespectbyothers,wesooncometohavemorerespectforourselves.Then,too,onesownconsciousnessofhavingapleasant,effectivevoiceofwhichhedoesnotneedtobeashamedcontributesmateriallytoafeelingofpoise（泰然自若）,self-confidence,andajustprideinhimself.Agoodvoice,likegoodclothescandomuchforanego（自我）thatotherwisemightbeinclinedtodroop（萎靡）.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis:A)OurEgoB)TheReflectionofOurPersonalityC)HowtoAcquireaPleasantVoiceD)VoiceTraininginPersonalityDevelopment,.,8,Tip1:atthebeginning主题句(Topicsentence)在段首:一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,.,9,3.Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown(bythemselves).Stillotherslikeademocratic(民主的)discussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevised(design)tosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,.,10,4.Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpractice,isnowoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachothershandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Letsshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimorher.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding(误解)amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved(保守的)inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesaremorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.,67.Themainpurposeofthetextis_.A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestB.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad,.,11,Tip2:attheend主题句在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,.,12,5.Wesurveyedlocalresidentsinthreeuniversitytownsthroughoutthestatetofindouttheiropinionsonthestudentsinthosetowns.Wequestionedoverthreethousandpeopleandfoundthatsinceourlastsurveythreeyearsago,attitudestowardsstudentshavechangedconsiderably.“Lazy”“scruffy”and“bad-mannered”washowmorethan40%ofthosequestioneddescribedstudents，upfrom22%inthelastsurvey.Thisyearonly25%consideredstudentstobe“polite”and“friendly”comparedwith39%threeyearsago.Overall,49%consideredstudentstobeapositivepartofthetowncomparedto58%lasttime.,3.有些段落的主题句被安排在段落的中间,sinceourlastsurveythreeyearsago,attitudestowardsstudentshavechangedconsiderably.,.,13,PassageD6.Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only79.Twodayssale.Hurry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel,amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”.Itcosts395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingitemsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale,(detail)(detail)(detail),Anexample(detail),effects,thetopicsentenceisinthemiddleofthepassage.,.,14,Tip3:atthemiddle主题句在段中。开段的句子作为引题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。为了阐明主题思想，在主题句后，仍有一些句子陈述细节。其层次为：引题-主题-解释（细节）。,.,15,7.Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet;Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface在表面上,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry,theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingonepersonsbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardsothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.,.,16,8.TheresasanoldSaying:“Acoward（懦夫）diesmanytimes;aherodiesbutonce.”Soitiswithnewspaperstheirdeathhasbeenpredictedmanytimes,buttheyarestillwithus.Butwilltheybewithusforever?Newspapershavesurvivedaslongastheyhavebecausetheycanbringanin-depthcoverageofissuesthatrequiretimeandconsideration.Readersgotonewspaperstolearnaboutcomplexissues.Reputablenewspapersbecomeopinionleadersintheireditorialandcommentarycolumns,quiteapartfromtheirabilitytoinvestigateissuesandbecomebreakersofimportantnews.However,thethreatoftheinternetislikelytoproveprofound.ManyyoungpeoplenowturntotheWebfornews.Howevermuchradioandtelevisionledtheattackonthenewspaperasanewssource,oneofitsmainsourcesofincomeadvertisingsremainedintact（未受影响的）.NotonlydoestheWebtakereaders,italsotakesadvertising.ManynewspapermenseethethreatoftheWebasbeingofanewkind.Somepublicationswillgounder,butthosewhichservespecializedmarketsandwhicharecommerciallysolidwillsurvive.Thedeathofthenewspaperhasbeenpredictedmanytimes,butthenewspaperisstillwithusandislikelytoremainso.,.,17,TheresasanoldSaying:“Acoward（懦夫）diesmanytimes;aherodiesbutonce.”Soitiswithnewspaperstheirdeathhasbeenpredictedmanytimes,buttheyarestillwithus.Butwilltheybewithusforever?Newspapershavesurvivedaslongastheyhavebecausetheycanbringanin-depthcoverageofissuesthatrequiretimeandconsideration.Readersgotonewspaperstolearnaboutcomplexissues.Reputablenewspapersbecomeopinionleadersintheireditorialandcommentarycolumns,quiteapartfromtheirabilitytoinvestigateissuesandbecomebreakersofimportantnews.However,thethreatoftheinternetislikelytoproveprofound.ManyyoungpeoplenowturntotheWebfornews.Howevermuchradioandtelevisionledtheattackonthenewspaperasanewssource,oneofitsmainsourcesofincomeadvertisingsremainedintact（未受影响的）.NotonlydoestheWebtakereaders,italsotakesadvertising.ManynewspapermenseethethreatoftheWebasbeingofanewkind.Somepublicationswillgounder,butthosewhichservespecializedmarketsandwhicharecommerciallysolidwillsurvive.Thedeathofthenewspaperhasbeenpredictedmanytimes,butthenewspaperisstillwithusandislikelytoremainso.,Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.ThenewspaperVStheWebB.Whydopeoplereadnewspaper?C.Whatdoyouliketoread?D.Deathofthenewspaper?,.,18,Tip4:atboththebeginningandtheendThisparagraphbeginswithatopicsentenceandendswitharestatementofthesametopicsentece在文章开头和结尾:首尾呼应，为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式常用于记叙文，议论文，但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。,.,19,.,20,Ifthereisnotopicsentenceinthepassage,whatshouldwedotogetthemainideaorchoosethebesttitle?,Sometimesthereisnotopicsentenceinthepassage.,Summarizethemainideainourownwordsandthenchoosethebesttitle.,.,21,Threemainsteps:,First,getthemainideaofeachparagraph.Second,summarizethemainideainourownwords,accordingtothestructureofthepassage.Third,compareitwiththechoicestoseewhichoneisthebest.,.,22,9.TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.,partialdetails,A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.,Tip5:Nospecifictopicsentence,soreadersshouldsummarizefromallthedetails.从段落中归纳要点抓大意.有些文章无明确的主题句.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实细节来概括总结主旨大意。注意：1.不能以偏概全.2.不能过于宽泛，要恰如其分。3.注意多次出现的高频词或主题词,.,23,details,Paragraphideas,Passageidea,.,24,1Magellansmenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.2MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.3Magellansvoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.,Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage?Magellansdeath.GoingaroundtheWorld.TheWorldIsRound.MagellansVoyage.,10,.,25,1Magellansmenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.,Magellansvoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.,.,26,2MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.,TheprocessofMagellanslonganddifficultvoyage,.,27,3Magellansvoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.,Magellansvoyageprovedtheearthisround.,.,28,1Magellansmenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.2MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.3Magellansvoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.,Paragraph1:Magellansvoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.,Paragraph2:TheprocessofMagellanslongdifficultvoyage,Paragraph3:Magellansvoyagedprovedtheearthisround.,Magellansvoyage,.,29,Magellansmenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.Magellansvoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.Magellansdeath.B.GoingaroundtheWorld.C.TheWorldIsRound.D.MagellansVoyage.,(toonarrow),(toonarrow),(toobroad),(justproper),.,30,atthebeginning,attheend,inthemiddle,atboththebeginningandtheend,命题类,主题句在文章或段落中的位置,nocleartopicsentence,atthebeginning,attheend,.,31,TypesOfParagraphStructures,Atthebeginning,Attheend,Inthemiddle,Nocleartopicsentence,besides,forexample,so,therefore,Sumthemupbyyourself,But,however,actually,Summary:,.,32,主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种：,1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。,.,33,主要内容型,这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句（topicsentence）。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或者没有主题句，需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。,三、解题技巧,.,34,文首：新闻报道、议论文文末：记叙文说明文:文中：例子/假设例子/假设后进入主题没有主题句：找反复出现的词语,判断文章体裁很重要！,.,35,找主题句的小窍门,1)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；,.,36,例题一Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke.TheSunsaidthepill,calledAteronon,“couldsavethousandsoflives”.TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant.Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebuild-upoffat.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howwecanpreventheartdisease.B.Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention.C.Thebuild-upoffatisharmful.D.Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes.,开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。,B,体裁：新闻报道,.,37,例题二：Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.,.,38,Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,D,体裁：说明文,没有主题句找反复出现的词语,.,39,文章标题型,文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，考查对全文中心思想的理解，因此，解答这类题的方法与解答主要内容题基本相同，都是寻找主题句，或归纳主要内容，但与之相对比，却具备了概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。,.,40,推敲选项正误的小窍门：1)正确选项不出现细节信息。2)正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。3)正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。4)四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。5)干扰项特点：概括范围太窄，只含局部信息；概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。,.,41,例题Ifcarshadwings，theycouldflyandthatjustmighthappen,beginningin2011.ThecompanyTerrafugia,basedinWoburn,Massachusetts,saysitplanstodeliveritscarplane,theTransition,tocustomersbytheendof2011.“Itsthenextwowvehicle，”saidTerrafugiavicepresidentRichardGersh.“AnybodycanbuyaFerrari,butaswesay,Ferrarisdontfly.”Thecarplanehaswingsthatunfoldforflyingaprocessthecompanysaystakesoneminuteandfoldbackupfordriving.Arunwayisstillrequiredtotakeoffandland.TheTransitionisbeingmarketedmoreasaplanethatdrivesthanacarthatflies,althoughitisboth.ThecompanyhasbeenworkingwithFAAtomeetaircraftregulations,andwiththeNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationtomeetvehiclesafetyregulations.ThecompanyisaimingtoselltheTransitiontoprivatepilotsasamoreconvenientandcheaperwaytofly.Theysayitsavesyouthetroublefromtryingtofindanothermodeoftransportationtogettoandfromairports:Youdrivethecartotheairportandthenyouregoodtogo.Whenyouland,youfoldupthewingsandhittheroad.Therearenoexpensiveparkingfeesbecauseyoudonthavetostoreitatanairportyouparkitinthegarageathome.,体裁：说明文,.,42,Thecarplaneisdesignedtoflyprimarilyunder10,000feet.Ithasamaximumtakeoffweightof1,430pounds,includingfuelandpassengers.TerrafugiasaystheTransitionreducesthepotentialforanaccidentbyallowingpilotstodriveunderba