计算组织结构第一章.ppt

Aboutthecourse,Hardware*SoftwareIEEEACMPurposeknowtheinternalstructureandhowcomputerworks,ComputercurriculaforCS,CE,SE,InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersAssociationforComputingMachinery,Textbook,Bibliography,Textbook:Computerorganizationandarchitecture,7-8thedition,WilliamStallings,Pearson,PrenticeHall,2006,2009.计算机组成原理,第四版,白中英主编,科学出版社,2008.Bibliography:Computerorganization&design:thehardware/softwareinterface,3-4edition,DavidA.Patterson,JohnL.Hennessy,MorganKaufmann,2006,2010(MIPS,ARM),Configuration&Quotation(1992),CPU:Intel80486DX-33(33MHz)RAM:4MBonBoardHDD:170MBIDEI/OW/2SFDD:1.2MB&1.44MBGraphiccard:8900CSVGAW/1MMonitor:14”SVGAPrice:HK$10,908,联想ideapadY470N-IFI(2012),CPU:Intel酷睿i5-2410M,2.3GHzCache:3MB三级高速共享缓存(L3)芯片组:IntelHM65高速芯片组RAM:4GBDDR3硬盘:750GBSATA光驱:超级DVD刻录机网卡:100M/1000M以太自适应网卡802.11bgn无线局域网卡显卡:nVidiaGeForceGT550独立显卡显存:2GBDDR3独立显存显示器:14”LED其他:视频输出HDMI高清影音端口,200万像素摄像头价格:5500元,SonyVPCZ235FC(2012),CPU:Intel酷睿i5-2450M,2.5GHz(可达3.1GHz)RAM:4GBDDR3(1333MT/s)(2GBx2)SSD:128GB,SATA6Gb/s(64GBx2(RAID0)无线LAN:IEEE802.11a/b/g/n无线WAN:CDMA2000Bluetooth:Bluetooth3.0图形处理器:Intel高清显卡3000Monitor:13.1”摄像头:1280 x1024Price:14,000元,SolidStateDisk,Disk,CPU,CPU的主频2GHz=20亿次振动/秒=2x109cycles/sMulticore,平板电脑(酷比魔方),CPU:1.2GHz内存:1GBSSD:16GB显示器:9.7寸无线网卡:接口:HDMI价格:1700元,HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface,CPU相关参数,主频:也叫时钟频率,单位是MHz,GHz,用来表示CPU的运算速度前端总线(FSB,FrontSideBus)频率前端总线(FSB)频率(即总线频率)直接影响CPU与内存数据交换速度(通过北桥)数据传输最大带宽取决于所有同时传输的数据的宽度和传输频率，即数据带宽(总线频率数据宽度)/8MIPS=MillionInstructionsPerSecond(每秒百万次)MFLOPS=MillionFloatingPointOperationsPerSecond(每秒百万次浮点操作),Challengingtask,CPU-386-486-/-Pentium-MMX-PII-P4Core233MHz3GHzRAM-Cache-flashmemoryMGKMMGHarddiskMBTBI/O:serial-parallel-serial(includingUSB)-Disk:IDE-SATA(IntegratedDeviceElectronics,ATA)(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)-floppyUdisk-CD-ROM-CD-R-CD-RW-DVD-ROM-Combo-DVDrecorder,Rapidpacebasiccomponent(vacuumtube,transistor,IC)underlyingintegratedcircuittechnologyManyapplicationsbecomefeasibleSmartcardsMobiledevicesGene,MooresLaw,NumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970s,Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18months如果交通运输业也象计算机那样发展,则今天我们能够花50美分在5秒内穿越大洋.83年,85,87,89,91,93.03年12h6h3h22m12h/21012x3600/210=43200/103=43秒,P29,Chapter1,Introduction,Avarietyofcomputers,single-chipprocessorembeddedcomputer(morethan10/family)personalcomputer(desktopmicrocomputer)mobilecomputerandmobiledevicesgameconsoleserver(minicomputer,workstation)mainframesupercomputer,计算机的微型化,1个电子管1个晶体管1块芯片,微型化：Microcomputer,图1.7第一台计算机ENIAC,1stcomputer,Desk-top,NotebookPC,TabletPC,Embeddedcomputer,Mobiledevice,Embeddedcomputerswovenintoclothingcanmonitorheartandbreathingrates.Wearinghiddenembeddedcomputerscanhelptheelderlyandpeoplerecoveringfromsurgeriesmonitortheirstrideandpace.Whentheirstepsareuneven,theembeddedcomputercansoundawarningandpreventafall.,Stride步态,步幅,Applications,Server,Mainframe,Supercompueter,2010年世界上运行速度最快的,我国的天河一号超级计算机。2570万亿次/秒,Structure-TopLevel,Computer,Peripherals,Internet,Memory,CPU,I/O,Bus,I/O,Internet,communication,Structure-TheCPU,Computer,CPU,I/O,Memory,SystemBus,P11,Comm.,memory,CPU,Bus,ALU,Controlunit,Registers,Program,Data,Memory,CPU,Bothindigital,I/O,I/O,Internet,communication,CPU-processdata,controlmemory-storedataI/O-movedata,storedataNIC-communicatebus-interconnection,movedatainternalmemory-temporarystorage,mediumDRAM:50-100ns,cost:1externalmemory-permanentstorage,largeDisk:5-20ms,cost:1/50速度相差将近几十万倍,ms-s-ns-10-310-610-9milli,毫micro,微nano,纳mm-m-nm-Kbytes-MB-GB-TB-PB-EB210(103)220(106)230(109)(1012)(1015)(1018)KiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExa千百万十亿万亿兆千兆(吉)兆兆(太)千兆兆(拍),Openmachinecase,Motherboard(printedcircuitboard)Chips(IC),DIMM(DualIn-lineMemoryModule,直接插入)PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect,外设部件互连),以前,Motherboard,Ch-12,Ch-5,Ch-3,Motherboard,Ch-3,Ch-7,现在,6SATAports,2IDEports,Architecture&Organization,Architecture(overall)Storedprogramcomputer:CPU,Memory,I/OvonNeumann冯诺依曼,Turing图灵Organizationhowimplementsingle-chipprocessorAllcomponentsononechipCPUissimple(instructionsetissmall)supercomputerMayhavethousandsofprocessors,largememory,manyperipherals,Architecture&Organization1,Architectureisthoseattributesvisibletotheprogrammer-abstractinterfacesInstructionset,numberofbitsusedfordatarepresentation,addressingtechniques,.e.g.AllIntelx86familysharethesamebasicarchitecturecodecompatibility,backwardsOrganizationishowfeaturesareimplementedControlsignals,memorytechnology,.Isthereahardwaremultiplyunitorisitdonebyrepeatedaddition?Cache?e.g.286,386,Pentium,.aredifferentimplementations,计算机系统的层次结构,机器,OS,汇编语言,高级语言,逻辑电路/微程序,Summary,1.StructureCPUALU,controlunit,registers,interconnection,cacheMemoryCache,Internalmemory,ExternalmemoryI/OCommunicationBus2.UnitsKB-MB-GB-TB-PB-EBms-s-ns,3.计算机性能指标CPUSpeed:主频,MIPS,MFLOPSTFLOPS(万亿次浮点运算)MemoryCapacity:GBSpeed:33Mhz400MHz,533MHz800MHz,1066MHz1600MHzI/OSpeedcapacity,Text:ASCIICharacters,ASCII: