APICS资源主计划(英文版)

MasterPlanningofResources,Session5TheSalesandOperationsPlanningProcess,5-2,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,MasterPlanningofResources,Session1:TheBusinessPlanningProcessSession2:ForecastingDemandSession3:DemandManagementandCustomerServiceSession4:DistributionPlanningSession5:TheSalesandOperationsPlanningProcessSession6:TheMasterSchedulingProcessSession7:ManagingtheMasterSchedulingProcessSession8:MeasuringPerformanceandValidatingthePlan,5-3,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,SalesandOperationsPlanning,Businessplanning,SalesandOperationsplanning,MasterScheduling,Resourceplanning,5-4,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Session5Objectives,DescribethesalesandoperationsplanningprocessanditsrelationshipwithinmasterplanningofresourcesExplaintheroleofvolumeandmixinthesalesandoperationsplanningprocessDescribethestepsinthesalesandoperationsplanningprocessDistinguishbetweenthetermssalesandoperationsplanningandproductionplanIdentifytheparticipantsandthedecision-makersinthesalesandoperationsplanningprocessDescribetheinputsandoutputsofthesalesandoperationsplanningprocessIdentifyanddescribeproductionstrategiesusedinsalesandoperationsplanningIdentifyandbrieflydescribethestepsintheresourceplanningprocess,5-5,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,SalesandOperationsPlanningRelationships,MasterScheduling,DetailedScheduling&Planning,BusinessPlanning,ProductionPlan,Source:AdaptedfromWallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,Sales&OperationsPlanning,FORECASTING&DEMAND,MANAGEMENT,CAPA-CITY,MANAGEMENT,RESOURCEPLANNING,5-6,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,OrganizationswithSeparatePlans,FinancialPlan,BusinessPlan,ProductionPlan,BacklogPlan,MarketingPlan,SalesPlan,HumanResourcePlan,InventoryPlan,EngineeringPlan,5-7,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,AnIntegratedCompanywidePlan,SalesandOperationsPlanning,5-8,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,TheBalancingAct,Demand,Supply,DemandForecasts,ActualOrders,ProductionOrders,PurchaseOrders,5-9,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,ProductVolumeandMix,VolumeThebigpictureHowmuch?RatesProductfamiliesPlannedwithinsalesandoperationsplanning,MixThedetailsWhichones?OrdersIndividualproductsPlannedwithinmasterscheduling,5-10,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,SalesandOperationsPlanning(S&OP),IsabusinessprocessKeepsdemandandsupplyinbalanceIsperformedattheaggregatelevelFocusesonproductvolume,notmixOccursonamonthlycycleDisplaysinformationinproductunitsandfinancialnumbers,5-11,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,TheMonthlyS&OPProcess,Runsalesforecastreports,Demandplanning,Supplyplanning,PreS&OPmeeting,ExecutiveS&OPMeeting,1,2,3,4,5,StatisticalforecastsFieldsalesworksheets,ManagementforecastsFirstpassspreadsheets,CapacityconstraintsSecondpassspreadsheets,RecommendationsandAgendaforexec.S&OP,Singlecompanywideplan,5-12,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,1.RunSalesForecastReports,GatherlastmonthsdataGatherinformationforsalesandmarketingfornewforecastShareinformationwithappropriatepeople,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-13,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,2.DemandPlanningPhase,SalesandmarketingstaffreviewStep1informationGenerateaneworupdatedexistingforecastForecastincludesproductfamiliesForecastincludesanyproductlife-cyclechangesforthetimeframecoveredbyplanninghorizon,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-14,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,3.SupplyPlanningPhase,OperationsstaffreviewStep2informationReviewcurrentoperationsplansforpossiblechangeIfchanges,thenoperationsplansshouldberevisedValidaterevisedoperationsplansusingresourceplanning,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-15,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,4.Pre-S&OPMeeting,ObjectivesMakedecisionsregardingbalancingsupplyanddemandResolveproblemsanddifferencesonesetofrecommendationsIdentifyareaswhereagreementcannotbereachedandproposealternativeplansDevelopscenariosforalternativeplanstosolveproblems,5-16,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,4.Pre-S&OPMeeting(cont.),Representativesinclude:SalesandmarketingProductdevelopmentFinanceOperationsProductmanagerFamily-by-familyreviewCheckforresourceconstraintsReviewactualvsplannedperformanceReviewinventory/backlogplans,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-17,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,4.Pre-S&OPMeeting(cont.),Outputincludes:UpdatedfinancialplanRecommendedactionforeachproductfamilyNewproductintroductionplansRecommendationsforchangesinresourcesAreasofdisagreementwithalternativeplansandimpactstatementsRecommendedchangestodemandandsupplystrategiesAgendaforexecutiveS&OPmeeting,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-18,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,5.ExecutiveS&OPMeeting,Objectives:Makedecisionsoneachproductfamily,acceptPre-S&OPteamrecommendationsoralternativesAuthorizeproductionorprocurementchangesCompareproductionplanstobusinessplanandmakerequiredadjustmentsMakedecisionswherenoagreementonPre-S&OPteamReviewbusinesskeyperformanceindicatorswhereperformancewaslessthanplanned,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-19,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,5.ExecutiveS&OPMeeting(cont.),Output:MeetingminutesSummaryofdecisionsmadeSummarizedactionplanwithduedatesandresponsibilitiesAuthorizedcompanygameplanCompleteproductionplanforeachproductfamily,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-20,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,BenefitsofS&OP,SalesandOperationsPlanningprovides:MoreeffectiveuseofERPsystemsOperationalplansconsistentwiththebusinessplanAtoolformanagingadynamicbusinessonaregularbasisAbilitytoestablishtargetsandmeasureperformanceAformalprocesstosettargetsandmeasureprogresstowardimprovedperformanceIncreasedteamworkandcollaborativeskills,5-21,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,S&OPConsiderations,ProductfamiliesUnitsofmeasurePlanninghorizonDataelementresponsibilityPlanningprocessParticipationatmeetingsInformationneededformeetingsMeetingmanagementResourcevalidationPerformancemeasurementApprovalprocessWhowillapprovetheproductionplan,5-22,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,WhoBringsWhattotheTable?,Marketing,ProductDevelopment,ProductDemand,Capital,MPSandSupplierConstraints,BusinessPlan,WorkforceAvailability,Source:Launchbury,KeithJ.PrinciplesofPlanningOmeric,1999.,Finance,Materials,Operations,HumanResources,Engineering,Management,Capacity,5-23,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,ProductFamilies,RepresenthowtheproductorserviceispresentedtothemarketLogicalgroupingsbasedonsimilarsalesandmanufacturingrequirementsShouldbemeaningfulintermsofvolumeofsalesgeneratedIdeallyshouldbenomorethan6-12productfamiliesperbusinessunit,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-24,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Product/ServiceHierarchy,StockKeepingUnit(SKU),PackageSize,Model/Brand,ProductSubfamily,ProductFamily,BusinessUnit,TotalCompany,Source:Wallace,TomF.SalesandOperationsPlanning,AHow-ToGuide,T.F.Wallace&Co.1999.,5-25,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,InputstoS&OP,InputResponsibilityProjecteddemandMarketingMarketintelligenceMarketingActualsalesSalesCapacityinformationManufacturingManagementtargetsManagementFinancialrequirementsFinanceNewproductinformationR&DNewprocessinformationProcessengineeringWorkforceavailabilityHumanresources,5-26,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,S&OPOutputs,OutputSalesplanProductionplanInventoryplanBacklogplanFinancialplanProduct&processdevelopmentplanWorkforceplan,ResponsibilityMarketingandsalesManufacturingMaterialsmanagementCustomerserviceFinanceEngineeringHumanresources,5-27,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,LevelScheduleStrategy,5-28,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,ChaseStrategy,ProduceonlywhatyousellProduceproductsorservicejust-in-timeIftherearenosalesdonotproduce,5-29,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,ChaseStrategy,5-30,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Combination/HybridStrategy,AbalancebetweenlevelandchaseCouldbeamixtureofbothapproachesForexample,aproduceroficecreamhastwoproductionlevels,oneshiftperdayduringtheslowseason,twoshiftsperdayduringthebusyseason,5-31,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Combination/HybridStrategy,5-32,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Make-to-StockandMake-to-Order,MTSSalesforecastsareenteredformake-to-stockproductsDifferencesbetweensupplyanddemandresultinchangesininventorylevelMTOCustomerordersareenteredformake-to-orderproductsDifferencesbetweensupplyanddemandresultinchangesinbackloglevel,5-33,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,MTSS&OPGrid,5-34,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,MTSS&OPExerciseSolution,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,SettingInventoryTargetLevels,Managementcansetinventorytargetsbyproductfamilyinthesalesandoperationsplanningprocesssuchas:MaximuminventoryMinimuminventoryInventoryturnsDaysofcoverage,5-35,5-36,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,MTOS&OPExample,5-37,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Source:Cox,JamesF.III,Ph.D.andJohnH.BlackstoneJr.,APICSDictionary,NinthEdition(1998).,BacklogversusBackorder,BacklogisallcustomerordersreceivedbutnotyetshippedBackorderisapastduecustomerorderorcommitmentBacklogincludesbackordersManycompaniesconfusethetwotermsBackloghasafuturedeliverydateAbackordermustbereplanned,5-38,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,SettingBacklogTargetLevels,Managementcansettargetbackloglevelsbyproductfamilyinthesalesandoperationsplanningprocess,suchas:maximumbacklogminimumbacklogplannedordertimesmaximumcustomerwaitingtime,5-39,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,Anythingthataddsvaluetoaproductorserviceinitscreation,production,ordelivery,WhatIsaResource?,5-40,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,ResourcePlanning,Theprocessofestablishing,measuring,andadjustinglevelsoflong-rangecapacityBasedontheproductionplanAddressesthoseresourcesthattakelongperiodsoftimetoacquire,orarecostlyordifficulttoaddRequirestopmanagementapproval,5-41,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001,TheResourcePlanningProcess,Developbillsofresources,Decideonunitsofmeasure,Determineplannedcapacity,Calculatetheloadoneachresource,1,2,3,4,5,ProductionPlan,6,Comparetoplannedcapacity,Takeactionwherenecessary,5-42,MasterPlanningofResources,ver.2.0December2001