《新能源专业英语》ppt课件

TechnicalEnglishofNewandRenewableEnergy,ZongmingZhengSchoolofRenewableEnergy,NCEPU,1,Content,InternationalEnergyoutlookGlobalRenewableEnergyStatusChinaRenewableEnergyStatus,2,References:,3,1InternationalEnergyoutlook,WorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlookLiquidFuelsNaturalGasCoalElectricityTransportationSectorEnergyConsumptionEnergy-RelatedCarbonDioxideEmissions,4,WorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlook,Totalworldconsumptionofmarketedenergyisprojectedtoincreaseby50percentfrom2005to2030.Thelargestprojectedincreaseinenergydemandisforthenon-OECDeconomies.,5,ChinaandIndia-thefastestgrowingnon-OECDeconomies-willbekeycontributorstoworldenergyconsumptioninthefuture.19808%200518%203025%USA22%in2005toabout17%in2030,WorldMarketedEnergyConsumption1980-2030,6,OECDvsnon-OECD,Energyconsumptioninothernon-OECDregionsalsoisexpectedtogrowstronglyfrom2005to2030,withincreasesofaround60percentprojectedfortheMiddleEast,Africa,andCentralandSouthAmerica.,7,WorldEnergyConsumptionbySource,liquidfuelsaretheworldsslowestgrowingsourceofenergy;Renewableenergyandcoalarethefastestgrowingenergysources,withconsumptionincreasingby2.1percentand2.0percent,respectively;Chinascoalconsumptionincreasedby17percentperyearonaveragefrom2002to2005.Naturalgasremainsanimportantfuelforelectricitygenerationworldwide;,8,Electricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerincreasesfrom2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.0trillionkilowatthoursin2015and3.8trillionkilowatthours;Plantsafety,radioactivewastedisposal,andtheproliferationofnuclearweapons,9,Muchofthegrowthinrenewableenergyconsumptionisprojectedtocomefrommid-tolarge-scalehydroelectricfacilitiesinnon-OECDAsiaandCentralandSouthAmerica;SomeareasofChinaandIndiaalsorelyheavilyonwoodfuel,woodwaste,andcharcoalforcooking.InChina,about55percentoftheruralpopulationusesbiomassforcooking,asdoes87percentoftheruralpopulationinIndia.MostoftheincreaseinOECDrenewableenergyconsumptionisexpectedtocomefromnonhydroelectricresources,suchaswind,solar,geothermal,municipalsolidwaste,andbiomass.,10,WorldEconomicOutlook,11,TheworldsrealGDPgrowthonapurchasingpowerparitybasisisprojectedtoaverage4.0percentannuallyPopulationgrowthLaborforceparticipationratesCapitalaccumulation,Productivityimprovements.,12,2LiquidFuels,Worlduseofliquidsgrowsfrom83.6millionbarrelsoilequivalentperday5in2005to95.6millionbarrelsperdayin2015and112.5millionbarrelsperdayin2030.Muchoftheincreaseintotalliquidsconsumptionisprojectedforthenationsofnon-OECDAsiaandtheMiddleEast.,13,WorldLiquidFuelsProduction,2005-2030,14,ChinaandIndiaaccountformuchofthegrowthinliquidsdemand,andtogethertheyaccountfor11.5millionbarrelsperday(74percent)oftheregionalincrementinliquidsuse.Middle-east:1Highbirthrate2Subsidy3Highincomepercapita,15,Oilprices,Inthelongterm,fourfactorsdeterminethepriceofoil:growthinworldliquidsdemand,highproductioncostsforaccessiblenon-OPECconventionalliquidsresources,OPECinvestmentandproductionbehavior,andthecostandavailabilityofunconventionalliquidssupply.,16,WorldLiquidsProduction,17,Worldliquidsproductionincreasesby28millionbarrelsperdayfrom2005to2030tomeetprojectedgrowthindemand.About47percentofthetotalworldincreaseinliquidssuppliesisexpectedtocomefromOPECmembercountries.Thus,in2030,OPECproductionisprojectedtototal49millionbarrelsperdayandnon-OPECproduction63millionbarrelsperday.Caspianarea(Kazakhstan)andSouthAmerica(Brazil),NON-OPEC,18,OPECstotalliquidsproductionincreasesata1.3-percentaverageannualratefrom2005to2030.ThemostrapidgrowthinOPECproductionisprojectedforQatar.,19,OilReservesandResources,AsofJanuary1,2008,provedworldoilreserves,asreportedbytheOil&GasJournal,wereestimatedat1,332billionbarrels.,20,The56percentoftheworldsprovedoilreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEast.Amongthetop20reserveholdersin2008,11areOPECmembercountriesthat,Together,accountfor69percentoftheworldstotalreserves.,21,3NaturalGas,Worldwide,totalnaturalgasconsumptionincreasesfrom104trillioncubicfeetin2005to158trillioncubicfeetin2030intheIEO2008referencecase.,22,Naturalgasconsumptioninthenon-OECDcountriesgrowsmorethantwiceasfastasconsumptionintheOECDcountries,with2.3-percentaverageannualgrowthfrom2005to2030fornon-OECDcountries,comparedwithanaverageof1.0percentfortheOECDcountries.,NorthAmerica,EU,23,NON-OECD,24,Supply,25,ReservesandResources,Almostthree-quartersoftheworldsnaturalgasreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEastandEurasia.Russia,Iran,andQatartogetheraccountedforabout57percentoftheworldsnaturalgasreservesasofJanuary1,2008,26,4Coal,Worldcoalconsumptionincreasesby65percentovertheprojectionperiod,from122.5quadrillionBtuin2005to202.2quadrillionBtuin2030.In2005,coalaccountedfor27percentofworldenergyconsumption.Ofthecoalproducedworldwidein2005,63percentwasshippedtoelectricityproducers,34percenttoindustrialconsumers,andmostoftheremaining3percentwenttocoalconsumersintheresidentialandcommercialsectors.,27,In2005,Australiawastheworldsleadingcoalexporter,supplying6.1quadrillionBtuofcoaltotheinternationalmarket,whileJapanandSouthKoreaweretheworldsleadingimporters,receiving4.5and1.9quadrillionBtuofcoal,respectively.Morethanone-half(53percent)ofChinascoalusein2005wasinthenon-electricitysectors,primarilyintheindustrialsector.Chinawastheworldsleadingproducerofbothsteelandpigironin2005.,28,WorldCoalProduction,China,Australia,theUnitedStates,andIndiadominatetheoveralltrendsfortheOECDandnon-OECD,accountingfor99percentoftheincreaseinnetproductionforalltheOECDcountriesand82percentoftheincreaseforthenon-OECDcountries.,29,WorldCoalReserves,Totalrecoverablereservesofcoalaroundtheworldareestimatedat930billiontons.Althoughcoaldepositsarewidelydistributed,76percentoftheworldsrecoverablereservesarelocatedinfivecountries:theUnitedStates(28percent),Russia(19percent),China(14percent),Australia(9percent)andIndia(7percent).,30,5Electricity,Worldnetelectricitygenerationnearlydoublesinthereferencecase,from17.3trillionkilowatthoursin2005to24.4trillionkilowatthoursin2015and33.3trillionkilowatthoursin2030.,31,NuclearEnergy,Electricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerisprojectedtoincreasefromabout2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.8trillionkilowatthoursin2030,32,Chinaistryingtodiversifyitssourcesofelectricity,andincreasingnuclearpowercapacityisseenasastrategytoachievethatgoal.UnlikemostoftheOECDnations,Chinawillbeabletoexpanditsnuclearprogramlargelywithoutpoliticaldeterrents.Atpresent,Chinahas11commercialnuclearpowerreactorsinoperation,6ofwhichhavebeenbroughtonlinesince2002.Another6plantsarecurrentlyunderconstruction,andseveralmoreareinvariousstagesofplanning.TheChinesegovernmentisalsointheprocessofawardingbillionsofdollarsincontractstobuildadditionalnuclearplants.FrancesAREVA,RussiasAtomStroyExport,andU.S.-basedWestinghouseallhavewonbids.Intheworldslargestnuclearpowerdealtodate,Chinawillpay$11.9billiontoAREVAtobuildtwonuclearreactors.,33,Chinaalsohasanumberoflarge-scalehydroelectricprojectsunderconstruction,includingthe18,200-megawattThreeGorgesDamprojectslatedforcompletionattheendof2008.TheChinaYangtzeRiverThreeGorgesProjectDevelopmentCorporationalreadyhasannounceditplanstoincreaseitstotalinstalledcapacityto22,400megawatts.Inaddition,workcontinuesonthe12,600-megawattXiluoduprojectontheJishaRiver(scheduledforcompletionin2020aspartofa14-facilityhydropowerdevelopmentplan)andthecountrysthird-largesthydroelectricfacility,the6,300megawattLongtanprojectontheHongshuiRiver,34,6TransportationSectorEnergyConsumption,Thetransportationshareoftotalliquidsconsumptionincreasesfrom52percentin2005to58percentin2030.Muchofthegrowthintransportationenergyuseisprojectedforthenon-OECDnations,wheremanyrapidlyexpandingeconomiesareexpectedtoseestronggrowthinenergyconsumptionastransportationsystemsaremodernizedandrisingstandardsoflivingincreasethedemandforpersonalmotorvehicleownership.,35,36,BothChinaandIndiahavebecomemajorvehiclemanufacturers.In2006,Chinaproducednearly7.2millionmotorvehicles,thethird-highestproductionlevelintheworldafterJapanandtheUnitedStatesandmorethanone-tenthoftheworldstotalproduction.In2007,motorvehicleproductioninChinagrewbyanother22percent,to8.9millionvehicles.Withinthenextseveralyears,Chinasproductionofmotorvehiclesmayreach10millionvehicles.,37,7CarbonDioxideEmissions,Theaverageannualincreaseinnon-OECDemissionsfrom2005to2030(2.5percent)isfivetimestheincreaseprojectedfortheOECDcountries(0.5percent).In2030,non-OECDemissions,projectedat26.8billionmetrictons,exceedtheprojectionforOECDemissionsby72percent.,38,Inpre-industrialtimes,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewasabout280partspermillion(ppm).Theatmosphericconcentrationofcarbondioxideatpresentisabout380ppm,andaccordingtotheIEO2008referencecaseprojections,by2030itwouldbeabout450ppm.,39,40,41,2GlobalRenewableEnergyStatus,In2007,morethan$100billionwasinvestedinnewrenewableenergycapacity,manufacturingplants,andresearchanddevelopmentatrueglobalmilestone.,42,43,Biomassandgeothermalenergyarecommonlyemployedforbothpowerandheating,withrecentincreasesinanumberofcountries,includingusesfordistrictheating.Morethan2milliongroundsourceheatpumpsareusedin30countriesforbuildingheatingandcooling.Productionofbiofuels(ethanolandbiodiesel)exceededanestimated53billionlitersin2007,up43percentfrom2005.Ethanolproductionin2007representedabout4percentofthe1,300billionlitersofgasolineconsumedglobally.Annualbiodieselproductionincreasedbymorethan50percentin2006.Renewableenergy,especiallysmallhydropower,biomass,andsolarPV,provideselectricity,heat,motivepower,andwaterpumpingfortensofmillionsofpeopleinruralareasofdevelopingcountries,servingagriculture,smallindustry,homes,schools,andcommunityn