构造地质学专业词汇

构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 1 Basic Conceptgeometry几何学 incline倾斜,斜坡,斜面undeformed无形变的 portray描绘reconstruct重建,改造,推想 interpretation解释,阐明,口译,通译stratigraphic地层学的 bed岩层stratum(pl.strata)岩层 bedded成层的bedding层理 bedding planes层面formation组 deposit存放,堆积,沉淀isopachytes等厚线 surface表面,外表,水面diastem沉积暂停期 sedimentation沉淀,沉降non-sequence间断不连续 faunaltilt.(使)倾斜,(使)翘起 discordance不调和,不和volcanogenic火山(生成)的 synonymous同义的cessation停止,终止 paraconformity似整合，沉积间断outcrop露出地面的岩层 disconformity假整合,平行不整合cross bedding交错层理 graded bedding粒级层理unconformity角度不整合 overstep踏过,逾越,超出.的限度basal基础的,基本的,基部的 truncate截去尖端,修剪overstep超覆 nonconformity非整合onlap上超、超覆 transgression海侵、海进offlap退覆 regression海退toplap顶超 downlap下超strike走向 dip倾角true dip真倾角 foliation面理compass bearing罗盘方位 azimuth方位,方位角apparent dip视倾角 given特定的,假设的stereogram极射(赤面投影)图 plunge倾伏角orthogonal直角的,直交的 pitch侧倾角clinometer测斜仪 structure contour构造等高线form lines形态线 form line contour形态等高线isopachyte等厚线 borehole钻孔，地上凿洞feather edge尖灭 subcrop隐伏露头intersection交叉点 outliers外露层topographic地形上的 inliers内露层down plunge projection俯瞰倾伏投影 diagrammatic图表的,概略的palinspastic复原再造 balanced section平衡剖面Chapter 2 Faults and Fracturefracture破裂 fault断层joint节理 hanging wall上盘cohesion结合,凝聚 foot wall下盘dilational calcite方解石aqueous水的,水成的 hade断层倾斜余角nomenclature命名法,术语 strike-slip fault走滑断层dip-slip fault倾滑断层 wrench fault平推断层tear fault平推断层 transcurrent fault横推断层heave平错 throw落差normal fault正断层 reverse逆断层dyke沟,渠,堤坝 thrust冲断层lay fault滞后断层 sinistral左旋dextral右旋 left-lateral左行ritht-lateral右行 fault brecci断层角砾brittle易碎的,脆弱的 ductile易延展的,易教导的,柔软的fault gouge断层泥 flinty坚硬的,强硬的platey streaky有斑点的,有条纹的,容易变的striate有条纹的,有细槽的 crush breccia压碎角砾岩cataclasite碎裂岩 cataclasis碎裂作用mylonite糜棱岩 blastomylonite变余糜棱岩ultramylonite超糜棱岩 pseudotachylite假玄武玻璃slickensides擦痕面 slickenside striation擦痕groove擦槽,凹槽 flexure屈曲,弯曲部分,打褶slickenline擦线 slickenfibre擦痕纤维normal drag正牵引 nappereverse drag逆牵引 synthetic faults次级同向断层，同级断层antithetic faults次级反向断层，相反断层 graben地堑horst地垒 splay fault入字形、八字形、人字形断层系transfer fault转换断层 transform fault转换断层staircase fault阶状断层 ramp断坡flat断坪 detachment拆离imbricate边缘重叠成瓦状 decollement滑脱convergent会聚性的,收敛的 piggyback sequence背驮式逆冲顺序overstep sequence超覆式逆冲顺序 imbricate zone叠瓦带roof thrust顶板逆冲断层 floor thrust底板逆冲断层duplex双层结构 horses断片sole thrust基底逆冲断层，冲断层基底活动面 fold plunge褶皱倾伏角back thrust背冲,反冲 pop-up冲起triangle zone三角带 listric fault犁式断层rollever anticline滚动背斜 listric fan犁式扇extensional duplex伸展双层构造 half-graben半地堑pull-apart basin拉分盆地 rift裂缝,裂口,断裂divergent分歧的 tabular扁平的,表格式的,平坦的perpendicular垂直的,正交的 transtension转换拉伸扭张作用transpression转换压缩扭压作用 flower structure花状构造inversion反转 positive inversion正反转negative inversion负反转 sheet joint(顺)层节理席状节理Chapter 3 Foldsfold褶曲 hinge枢纽limb翼 hinge line枢纽线cylindrical fold圆柱状褶皱 axial plane轴平面fold axis褶轴 axial surface轴(曲)面inter-limb angle翼间角 neutral fold中性褶皱fold angle褶角 wavelength波长inflexion point拐点 amplitude波幅fold axial trace褶皱轴迹 antiform背形synform向形 neutral fold中性褶曲anticline背斜 syncline向斜upright folds直立褶皱 inclined folds倾斜褶皱overfolds倒立褶皱 crest脊trough槽 gentle fold平缓褶皱open fold开阔褶皱 close fold中常褶皱tight fold紧闭褶皱 isoclined fold同斜褶皱fold profile褶曲剖面 parallel fold平行褶皱ovthogonal thickness垂直层面厚度 concentric fold同心褶皱centre fo curvature曲率中心 similar fold相似褶皱chevron fold尖棱褶皱 accordion fold棱角褶皱kink band膝折带 dip isogon等斜线symmetric fold对称褶皱 asymmetruc fold不对称褶皱nonocline等斜 vergence倒向parasiteic folds寄生褶皱 enveloping surface包络面harmonic folds协调褶皱 disharmonic folds不协调褶皱conjugate folds共轭褶皱 box fold箱状褶皱polyclinal fold多斜褶皱 cylindroidal fold圆柱状褶皱non-cylindrol fold非圆柱状褶皱 pericline围斜构造brachyanticline短轴背斜 brachysyncline短轴向斜dome穹窿 basin盆地culmination轴隆区 depression轴陷区凹陷interference干涉 superimpose fold叠加褶皱interferene structure干涉构造 dome and basin穹盆(相间)crescent and mushroom新月形，蘑菇形 double zigzag双之字buckling纵弯作用 bending横弯作用flexural slip弯滑 kinking膝折shear zone剪切带 slide滑动，滑移Chapter 4 Foliation，Lineation and Fabricfolliation面理 beddign folliation顺层面理lineation线理 fabric组构cleavage劈理 schistosity片理slaty cleavage板劈理 fracture cleavage破劈理crenulation cleavage褶劈理 solution cleavage溶解劈理penetrative透入性 non-pentrative非透入性spaced cleavage间隔劈理 gneisose banding片麻状条带gneissosity片麻理 tetrahedron晶四面体conglomerate聚结 mica云母hornblende角闪石 mudstone泥岩specimen标本,样品,样本 muscovite白云母clay粘土,泥土 lensoid透镜状的,透镜状结构aggregate集合体,集合的,聚合的 slate板岩slab厚平板,厚片 microlithou微劈石hydraulic fracturing水压破裂作用 pressure solution压溶stylolite缝合线 metamorphic segregation变质析离作用meamorphic defferentiation变质分异作用 augen gniss眼球状片麻岩shape fabric形态组构 intrafolial fold面理内褶皱rootless intrafolial fold面理内无根褶皱 lamination迭片结构elongation lineation伸长线理 symmetric相称性的,均衡的asymmetric不均匀的,不对称的 nullion structure窗棂构造fissility易裂性,分裂性 lithology岩石学,岩性shale页岩,泥板岩 limestone石灰石schist片岩 augen眼球状体paragneiss副片麻岩 orthogneiss正片麻岩Intrafolial folds面理褶皱 crenulation cleavage细褶皱劈理mullion竖框,直棂,放射状框 Cuspate-lobate folds尖圆褶皱Mineral lineations矿物线理 growth anisotropy生长各向异性boudin石香肠 boudinage石香肠构造pinch-and-swell肿缩石香肠 chocolate-table structure巧克力方盘构造fabric组构 homogeneous均匀heterogeneous非均匀 stacking fault堆垛层错sub-grain boundary亚颗粒边界 undulose extinction波状消光deformation band变形带 lattice格子deformation lamellae变形纹 deformation twinning变形双晶Chapter 5 Stressdeformation变形 geometrical几何学的,几何的force力 Confining pressure围压stress应力 newton牛顿pascal帕斯卡 bar巴kilbar千巴 normal stress正应力shear stress剪应力 principal stress planes主应力面principal stress axes主应力轴 stress axial cross应力轴十字hydrostatic stress静水应力 deviatoric stress偏斜应力lithostatic stress静岩压力 trajectory轨道、轨线stress field应力场 stress fragectories应力迹线Chapter 6 Strainstrain应变 dilation体变膨胀度distortion畸变形变 homogeneous strain均匀应变inhomogeneous strain非均匀应变 extension伸长应变shear strain剪应变 elongation伸长度shortening缩短率 infinitesimal无限小stretch长度比 factor系数strain ellipse应变椭圆 principal strain主应变strain ellipsoid应变椭球 coaxial strain共轴应变pure shear纯剪切 simple shear简单剪切prolate ellipsoid长椭球体 Constrictional strainFlattening strain ablate ellipsid扁椭球体progressive deformation渐进变形 Prolate ellipsoid扁长椭球体Oblate ellipsoid扁平椭球体 coaxial共轴的finite strain有限应变 infinitesimal strain无穷小应变growth fibre生长纤维 crack-seal mechanism裂隙焊封机制Chapter 7 Stress and Strain in Materialselastic strain弹性应变 Hookes law虎克定律young,s modulus杨氏模量 elasticityy弹性compressibility压缩率 viscous strain粘度性应变elastoviscons弹粘性 plastic塑性yield stress屈服应力 viscoelastic粘弹性delayed recovery迟滞回复 brittle脆性ductile韧性 yield strength屈服强度failure strength破坏强度 ultimate strength极限强度confining pressure围压 extrapolate外推，推断marble大理石 feldspar长石creep蠕变 primary creep初期蠕变secondary creep二期蠕变 tertiary creep三期蠕变cataclasis碎裂作用 grain boundary sliding颗粒边界活动intracrystalling plasticity晶内塑性 dislocation glide位错滑移dislocation creep位错蠕变 strain hardening应变硬化diffusive mass transfer扩散质量迁移 solution creep溶解蠕变pressure solution压溶 crystal plasticity晶质塑性superplasticity超塑性 coble creep柯勃尔蠕变nabareo-herring creep纳巴罗-赫林蠕变 deformation map变形图coldworking冷加工 hotworking polygonization热加工多边形化annealing退火 Chapter 8 Determination of Strain in Rocksmorphology形态学 determination of strain应变测量quantitative evaluation定量估算 total strain全应变bulk strain总应变 strain trajectory应变迹线strain marker应变标志 shaly页岩的ooids鲕粒 oolitic limestone鲕粒灰岩spherulite球粒 vesicle气泡volcanic rock火山岩 reduction spot退色斑spherulite球粒 fossil化石recrystallization spot重结晶斑点 hornfels角岩concretion结核 thin section薄片centre-to-centre method心对心法 atypical非典型的deformed conglomerate变形砾石 bilaterally symmetrical fossil两侧对称化石strain determination in threedimensions三维应变测量 superimposition of strain应变叠加Chapter 9 faulting and stressbrittle failure脆性破坏 stress criteria of brittlestrength脆性强度应力准则angle of internal friction内摩擦角 Mohr failure envelope莫尔破坏包络线coulomb failure库伦破坏准则 diabase辉绿岩dolerite辉绿岩，粗粒玄武岩 Griffith failure criterion格里菲斯破坏准则Griffith-murrell failurecriterion格里菲斯-穆雷尔破坏准则slip滑动 seismic fault发震断层aseismic fault无震断层 st