专题-句法结构PPT课件

句子结构,-英语的五种基本句型,1,.,为什么要学习英语的句子结构？学好句子结构是学好英语的前提,帮助我们学好其他英语语法知识。帮助我们写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英语书面表达的能力。帮助我们正确使用英语单词，提高单词拼写及选词填空等用词能力。有助于我们提高阅读能力和其他英语应用能力。,2,.,英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型一：主谓基本句型二：主系表基本句型三：主谓宾基本句型四：主谓间宾直宾基本句型五：主谓宾宾补定语和状语是句子中的修饰成份，不列入基本句型中,3,.,主语：动作发出者谓语：主语发出的动作宾语：动作的承受者补语：补充说明主语或宾语状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、程度、比较和伴随成分,4,.,基本句型一主谓,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,5,.,6,.,Yourfatherisstandingthere.Histeachercameinwithabookinhishand.Thebusstartedandarrivedthereateightoclock.,7,.,Flowerscomeoutinspring.Theplanehasalreadyleft.Isthebabydogsleeping?,8,.,练习,鸟在飞翔。她的宝宝在哭。太阳正在落山。谁也没笑。,Birdsareflying.,Herbabyiscrying.,Thesunissetting.,Noonelaughed.,9,.,练习,你唱得很美。我咳了一夜。我们很少在外边吃饭。昨天发生了事故。,Yousingbeautifully.,Icoughedallnight.,Weseldomdineout.,Theaccidentoccurredyesterday.,10,.,练习,一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他宽大的卧室里快乐地跳着舞。,Atmidnight,anoldmanwhocomesfromAmericawasdancinghappilyinhisownbigbedroom.,11,.,基本句型二,基本句型二主系表,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义，如：stay,prove,remain,stand,12,.,Mr.BrownisanEnglishteacher.主语系动词表语1).be动词解释说明主语的性质或特征等2).感官动词：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等3).表”变化”的词：become,get,turn等；还有seem,keep,stay等。,13,.,14,.,1).Hisparentsareinthekitchennow.2).Youlookedhappyyesterday.3).Thissongdoesntsoundbeautiful.4).Didyourfathergetangry?,15,.,找出下列句子中的表语：Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.ABCDWhyisheworried?ABTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.ABCDShewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD,16,.,练习,今天我感觉不太舒服。他看上去很累。你的汤味道很好。她似乎对计划不感兴趣。,Idontfeelverywelltoday.,Helooksverytired.,Yoursouptastesverygood.,Shedoesntseemveryinterestedintheplan.,17,.,练习,天越来越冷了。孩子不久就睡着了。他长得相当高了。听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。,Itsgettingcold.,Soonthechildfellasleep.,Shewentpaleatthenews.,Hehasgrownquitetall.,18,.,基本句型三主谓宾,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,19,.,20,.,Mybrotherdidntdohishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?c,21,.,TheydontknowwhoFatherChristmasis.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.Theoldmansaidhewasill.Youwillfinditwhenyougethome.,22,.,过去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。他们很快控制了病情。他们只是在建空中楼阁。,Weveachievedalotinthepasttwentyyears.,Theysooncontrolledthedisease.,Theyarejustbuildingcastlesintheair.,练习,23,.,我十分欣赏你们的表演。顾客要求退款。这会造成错误的印象。我们总是交换圣诞节礼物的。,Ienjoyedeveryminuteofyourperformance.,Thecustomerdemandedarefund.,WealwaysexchangeChristmasgifts.,Thatwillcreateawrongimpression.,练习,24,.,基本句型四主谓间宾直宾,此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,25,.,Shegavemehertelephonenumber.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语或：Shegavehertelephonenumbertome.主语谓语直接宾语间接宾语间接宾语放后面时要在其前加”to”或“for”,26,.,1）Ishowedhimthephotoyesterday.Ishowedthephototohimyesterday.2）Hepassedusthepapers.=,Hepassedthepaperstous.,27,.,Myparentsboughtmeanewbag.=Myparentsboughtanewbagforme.2）Shecookedusabigmeal.=,Shecookedabigmealforus.,28,.,常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）A：动词后加togive,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promiseB：动词后加formake,buy,do,get,play,order,sing,pay,29,.,她给我们唱了一首英文歌曲。我去给你沏点新鲜茶。这会省去你很多麻烦。请帮我把今天的报纸拿来。,ShesangusanEnglishsong.,Illmakeyousomefreshtea.,Thatwillsaveyoualotoftrouble.,Pleasefetchmetodayspaper.,练习,30,.,把车钥匙递给我。把你们的计划用传真发给我们。你可否把书单用电子邮件发给我？把那本书扔给我。,Handmethecarkey.,Pleasefaxusyourplans.,Throwmethatbook.,Canyoue-mailmethebooklist?,练习,31,.,基本句型五主谓宾宾补,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,32,.,补语,补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。可以用做补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等.EveryonecallshimJack.（宾补）HeiscalledJack.（主补）,33,.,34,.,Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.Isawhimgoingupstairs.Theyfoundthehousebrokenin.,名词,形容词,介词短语,todo不定式,现在分词doing,done过去分词,35,.,主语补足语如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,Iwaselectedcaptainoftheteam.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.,36,.,TheycalledtheirdaughterAlice.Hisnewjobwasfoundboring.ShewasseenchattingwithNancy.Iwantyoutohelpmewiththehousework.,宾语补足语,宾语补足语,主语补足语,主语补足语,37,.,我们把窗框漆成了黄色。她把连衣裙染成淡蓝色。3他发现这工作很有意思。4什么使你这样生气？,Wepaintedthewindowframesyellow.,Shedyedherdresslightblue.,Hefoundthejobquiteinteresting.,Whatmadeyousoangry?,练习,38,.,我们必须在半小时内把晚饭做好你们必须保持房间干净。我认为这没有必要。不久他们就把她释放了。,Wemustgetthesupperreadyinhalfanhour.,Youmustkeeptheroomclean.,Soontheysetherfree.,Idontthinkitnecessary.,练习,39,.,在此句型中有时可以有“it”作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到最后。此时作宾语的常是动词不定式“todo”,动词的“ing”形式或宾语从句;Istillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswithher.Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.DidntImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?,40,.,HefounditdifficulttostopsmokingIthinkitbestthatyoushoulddomoreexercise.Shethoughtitnogoodworryingabouthim,.,it用作形式宾语,当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it只起引导作用，无意义。,S+v+it+,adj.n,(forsb)todosth.从句doingsth,+,.,findpossibleS+think+it+necessary+(forsb.)todosth./clause.feelimportant,Sentencepatterns:,形式宾语,arule2.S+V+it+onesduty+(forsb.)todosth./clauseanhonour,3.S+V+it+nogood+doingsth.nouse,43,.,完成句子,（1）They_（发觉难）tofinishtheirworkintwodays.（2）We_（认为是我们的职责）tocleanourclassroomeveryday.（3）Itisimportant_（对她来说）tocometotheparty.,founditdifficult,thinkitourduty,forher,44,.,为了记忆方便我们把该句型总结为6123结构。,6指主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；1指的是形式宾语it；2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：todo，v-ing或从句,Wethinkitourdutytocleanourclassroomeveryday.HefeltitimportantlearningEnglishwell.Theyfounditdifficultthattheywouldfinishtheirworkintwodays.,45,.,缺乏耐心使得她很难在英语上取得进步。,我认为掌握一门外语没有足够的练习是不可能的。,LackingpatiencemadeitdifficultforhertomakeprogressinEnglishlearning.,Idontthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutenoughpractice.,46,.,1.Theyworkhard.主+谓2.Theflowerisdead.主+系+表3.Plantsneedwater.主+谓+宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主+谓+直宾+间宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主+谓+宾+宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主+谓,47,.,7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主+谓+间宾+直宾8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主+谓+间宾+直宾9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主+谓+间宾+直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主+谓+宾+宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主+系+表,48,.,7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.主+谓+间宾+直宾8.Hebroughtadictionaryforyou.主+谓+直宾+间宾9.Theyappointedhimmanager.主+谓+宾+宾补10.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.主+谓+形式宾语+宾补+宾语11.Theboyintheclassroomsattherequietly.主+谓12.Learningnewwordsisveryuseful.主+系+表,49,.,定语：用来修饰限定_.用来修饰名词或代词的，形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语都可以担任定语。定语的位置很灵活。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。,定语,名词,50,.,Theyarewomanworkers.Tomsfatherdidntwritehomeuntilyesterday.Maryisabeautifulgirl.Theplayhasthreeacts.ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Ihavenothingtoeat.ThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.,名词,名词所有格,形容词adj,数词,形容词/序数词/todo不定式,现在分词doing,todo不定式,从句,51,.,1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.,52,.,5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.,53,.,用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.一般表示发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。,状语,54,.,9种状语种类如下：,1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,55,.,5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,56,.,1.Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.2.Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.3.Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.4.Wellsendacartofetchyou.5.Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlybones6.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.7.Ifhegoes,sowillI.8.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,57,.,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任;ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.ThepresidentofAmerica,Obama,willvisitChinanextmonth.,同位语（Appositive）,58,.,对一句话做一些附加的解释，不影响句子成分；通常有tobehonest,Ithink/suppose/believe)等;Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.,插入语（Parenthesis）,59,.,一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.,主语定语,间接宾语,谓语状语,定语,状语状语,60,.,6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.,定语表语,宾语状语,主语,61,.,9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.,谓语,主语表语,谓语宾语,状语,形式宾语真正宾语,62,.