陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植PPT演示课件

陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植及其模拟研究,ECCESummerSchoolforAdvancedStudyinClimateandEnvironment2006年7月30-8月12,北京,谢正辉，及其研究小组中国科学院大气物理研究所,贵阳论坛,1,相关研究小组人员,田向军,梁妙玲,张生雷,袁飞,师春香郑婧,宋丽叶袁星,陈锋苏凤阁,杨宏伟(USA),2,陆面过程,陆面过程是能够影响气候变化的发生在陆地表面的土壤中控制陆地与大气之间动量、热量及水分交换的那些过程；,3,陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植及其耦合、模拟研究；基于全国50kmX50km大尺度陆面水文模型；陆面模型的参数标定、移植与模拟；讨论,提纲,4,陆面过程中地下水位的动态表示及其与气候模式的耦合.XieZhenghui,ZengQingcun,DaiYongjiu,andWangBin,Numericalsimulationofanunsaturatedflowequation,SciencesinChina(SeriesD),4(14),429-436,1998.XieZhenghui,ZengQingcun,DaiYongjiu,Anunsaturatedsoilflowproblemanditsnumericalsimulation,AdvancesinAtmosphericSciences,16(2),183-198,1999XieZhenghui,LiangXu,Zengqingcun,Aparameterizationofgroundwatertableinalandsurfaceemodelanditsapplications,ChineseJournalofAtmosphericSciences,28(4),331-342,2004.LiangXu,XieZhenghui,Anewparameterizationforsurfaceandgroundwaterinterac-tionsanditsimpactonwaterbudgetswiththevariableinfiltrationcapacity(VIC)landsurfacemodel,JournalofGeophysicsResearch,108(D16),8613,doi:10.1029/2002-JD003090,2003.YangHongwei,XieZhenghui,AnewmethodtodynamicallysimulategroundwatertableinlandsurfacemodelVIC,ProgressinNaturalProgress,13(11),819-825,2003.Yehetal2005JC.Maxwelletal2005,JHM.XieZhenghui,XiangjunTian,HongweiYang,Alandsurfaceparameterizationschemewithagroundwatermodelforclimatemodelsanditsapplications,2006.Tianxiangjun,XieZhenghui,CouplingaGroundwaterComponenttotheNCARCommunityAtmosphereModel,2006.,5,地表地下陆面水文机制LiangXu,XieZhenghui,2001,ANewSurfaceRunoffParameterizationwithSubgrid-ScaleSoilHeterogeneityforLandSurfaceModels,AdvancesinWaterResources,24(9-10),1173-1193,2001.XieZhenghui,SuFengge,LiangXu,ZengQingcun,etal,ApplicationsofasurfacerunoffmodelwithHortonandDunnerunoffforVIC,AdvancesinAtmosphericSciences.20(2),165-172,2003.LiangXu,XieZhenghui,Importantfactorsinland-atmosphereinteractions:surfacerunoffgeneractionsandinteractionsbetweensurfaceandgroundwater,GlobalPlanetaryChange,38,101-114,2003.TianXiangjun,XieZhenghui,ZhangShengle,LiangMiaoling,AsubsurfaceruoffparameterizationwithwaterstorageandrechargebasedontheBoussinesq-StorageEquationforaLandSurfaceModel,ScienceinChina(SeriesD),2006.,6,陆面水文生态模拟XieZhenghui,LiuQian,SuFengge,AnapplicationoftheVIC-3LlandsurfacemodelwiththenewsurfacerunoffmodelinsimulatingstreamflowfortheYellowRiverbasin,IAHSPublictionNo.289,241-248,2004.谢正辉，刘谦，袁飞，杨宏伟，基于全国50km50km网格的大尺度陆面水文模型框架,水利学报，(5),76-82,2004.YuanFei,XieZhenghui,LiuQian,YangHongwei,SuFengge,etal,AnapplicationoftheVIC-3LlandsurfacemodelandremotesensingdatainsimulatingstreamflowfortheHanjiangRiverBasin,CanadianJournalofRemoteSensing,30(5),680-690,2004.SuFengge,XieZhenghui,AmodelforassessingeffectsofclimatechangeonrunoffinChina,ProgressinNaturalProgress,13(9),701-707,2003.梁妙玲,谢正辉,我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟,气候与环境研究,已接受,2006.YuanFei,XieZhenghui,LiuQian,XiaJun,SimulatingHydrologicChangeswithClimateChangeScenariosintheHaiheRiverBasin,Pedosphere,15(5):595-600,2005.,7,水文过程研究需要深入；生态过程机制（C,N循环）需要发展，植被动态演替；各种非均匀性问题；陆面模型的参数标定与移植；陆面数据同化问题，全球土壤湿度等陆面分量的时空分布；与区域与全球气候模式的耦合；各种应用问题；雪盖、冻土和旱土、大面积水面作用的描述简单，冻土、雪盖占陆面面积都远大于1/4，沙漠区占1/4。,陆面过程研究前沿问题,8,基于全国50kmX50km网格大尺度陆面水文模型,9,基于全国50kmX50km网格大尺度陆面水文模型,10,Eb,Et,Ec,L,S,RL,Rs,RL,Qd,Layer1,Layer2,Layer3,Canopy,i,WsW3c,W3c,Baseflow,B,DsDm,Dm,BaseflowCurve,Ds/Ws=1,Ds/Ws1,0,W0,W,R,0,As,1,FractionofArea,InfiltrationCapacity,i0+P,P,i=im1-(1-A)1/b,im,VariableInfiltrationCurve,Three-LayerVariableInfiltrationCapacity(VIC-3L)Model,GridCellEnergyandMoistureFluxes,P,1,1,.,N,N+1,GridCellVegetationCoverage,2,Qd,i,Layer3SoilMoisture,W3,Qb,R,i0,Qb,11,水分收支过程,植被蒸散、裸土蒸发、土壤水传输、排水和径流决定了陆面过程中的水分收支，也是VIC中所考虑的主要水文过程。蒸散发（evaporationandtranspiration）冠层截流（canopyinterception）土壤水模型（soilhydrologicalmodel）径流和排水（runoffanddrainage）,12,蒸散发,陆面过程模式VIC中的蒸发,冠层湿部蒸发Ew（wetcanopyevaporation）,冠层蒸腾Etr（drycanopytranspiration）,裸土蒸发Eg（baresoilsurfaceevaporation）,13,冠层水量平衡,冠层持水量Mc的平衡方程可由下式表达：P-降水率；Ew-土壤湿部蒸发；Dc-大于叶片最大持水量而滴落到地面的部分。,14,用一维Richards方程来描述土层间的传导和扩散过程:各土层的控制方程为：,土壤水模型,z=-z3,z=-z1,z=0,z=-z2,15,WsW3c,W3c,Baseflow,B,DsDm,Dm,BaseflowCurve,Ds/Ws=1,Ds/Ws1,0,Layer3SoilMoisture,W3,径流和排水,W0,W,R,0,As,1,FractionofArea,InfiltrationCapacity,i0+P,P,i=im1-(1-A)1/b,im,VariableInfiltrationCurve,i0,16,能量平衡方程,Rn-netradiation;H-thesensibleheatflux;E-thelatentheatflux;G-thegroundheatflux.,17,VIC模型结构的简单介绍,土壤、植被参数源程序及控制文件,Forcingdata,Fluxdata,18,运行VIC模式所需的子目录,./SOURCE/存放源程序及global./PARAMETER/存放土壤及植被参数./FORCING/存放forcingdata数据./RESULTS/存放输出的结果,控制文件,19,./Source/global控制文件,在global控制文件中包含了运行VIC模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件2、土壤参数文件3、植被参数库文件其中，土壤和植被参数文件中存放研究区域内，每个网格中所包含的土壤、植被的相关的统计数据。植被参数库文件存放各种植被类型的一些固定参数。,20,./Source/global控制文件,在global控制文件中包含了运行VIC模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件2、土壤参数文件3、植被参数库文件,21,统计结果如下：,22,植被参数文件的结构,23,./Source/global控制文件,在global控制文件中包含了运行VIC模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件2、土壤参数文件3、植被参数库文件,24,统计结果如下：,25,土壤参数文件的结构,26,./Source/global控制文件,在global控制文件中包含了运行VIC模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件2、土壤参数文件3、植被参数库文件,27,./Parameter/参数文件,将生成的参数文件放在./Parameter/目录下，然后在global控制文件中指定它们所在的目录即可：SOIL./Parameter/土壤参数文件VEGPARAM./Parameter/植被参数文件VEGLIB./Parameter/植被参数库文件,28,./Forcing/forcingdata数据,Forcingdata文件中存放一定时间范围内，每个网格内的日降水量、最高及最低气温。在生成forcingdata数据时，选取全国700多个站点数据，通过距离权重法，确定每个网格所需的数据。最后将生成的文件放在./Forcing/目录下即可。,29,RegionalParameterEstimationoftheVICLandSurfaceModel:MethodologyandApplicationtoRiverBasinsinChinaZhenghuiXie,FeiYuanInstituteofAtmosphericPhysicsChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100029,ChinaQingyunDuanUniversityofCalifornia/LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Livermore,CA94550,USAJingZheng,MiaolingLiang,FengChenacceptedbyJournalofHydrometeorology,30,ModelandDataCalibrationandtransferSimulationConclusions,31,ModelandData,Liangetal.(1994)developedtheVIC-2Lmodelwhichincludestwodifferenttimescales(fastandslow)forrunofftocapturethedynamicsofrunoffgeneration.Tobetterrepresentquickbaresoilevaporationfollowingsmallsummerrainfallevents,athinsoillayerisincludedinVIC-2L,andVIC-2LbecomesVIC-3L.LiangandXie(2001)developedanewparameterizationtorepresenttheHortonrunoffmechanisminVIC-3LandcombinediteffectivelywiththeoriginalrepresentationoftheDunnerunoffmechanism(Xieetal.,2003).,32,W,R1,0,1,Fractionofstudiedarea,SoilmoisturecapacityL,i=im1-(1-A)1/b,im,R2,y,0,1,Fractionofthearea(1-As),f=fm1-(1-C)1/B,fm,f,PotentialinfiltrationrateL/T,P,R2/t,W/t,C,i,As,wp,Wt,A,i0,(a),(b),Runoffanddrainage,R=R1(y)+R2(y),33,SaturationexcessrunoffR1(y),wherei0-thepointsoilmoisturecapacityim-maximumsoilmoisturecapacityb-shapeparameter(soilmoisturecapacity)P-precipitation,34,wherefmm-theaveragepotentialinfiltrationratefmthemaximumpotentialinfiltrationrateB-shapeparameter(potentialinfiltrationrate)P-precipitationt-timestep,InfiltrationexcessrunoffR2(y),35,PrecitationP,P+i0im,W0,0,As,1,FractionofArea,SsoilmoistureCapacity,i0+P,P,im,SolveYInfiltrationexcessrunoffR1SaturationexcessrunoffR2,W0,R1,0,As,1,FractionofArea,i0,P,im,R1,Y,R2,Y,W,W,Stop,Begin,yes,no,i0+P,i0,Lasttimestep?,Yes,No,i,i,R2,NSRM计算示意图,SsoilmoistureCapacity,36,Howtoestimatefm,From,Wegettf,thenfmm,37,0,Time(hour),InfiltrationRate(mm/h),f(t),f0,t,tf,W0,Example:PhilipInfiltrationCurve,wheref(t)-theinfiltrationcapacityL/TKp-thefinalcapacityL/TSp-anempiricalconstant,38,CouplingofVICandNSRM,VIC,NSRM,VIC,Precipitation,Upperlayersoilmoisture,Surfacerunoff,Nextstep,39,Dataandmodelparameters,VegetationdataSoildataForcingdata,5050km2resolution,40,长江流域,黄河流域,淮河流域,海河流域,41,Vegetationrelatedparameters,42,Soilclassificationisbasedonglobal5-minsoildataprovidedbytheNOAAhydrologyofficeSoilparametersarederivedbasedontheworkofCosbyetal.(1993)andRawlsetal.(1993).,43,ThreedepthsofthreesoillayersTheexponentoftheVIC-3LsoilmoisturecapacitycurveBTheparametersintheARNOsubsurfaceflowparameterization,ModelparametersofVIC-3Ltobecalibrated,44,Forcingdataarebasedon740meteorologicalstationsinChina,whichcontain11yearsofdailyprecipitationandairtemperaturedatafrom1980to1990.Suchstationinformationismappedtotheresolutionof5050km2gridsbycombininginterpolationmethods,45,Calibrationandtransfer,ClassificationofclimatezonesKppenClassificationClimaticcharacteristicsforthetransferofcalibratedparametersunderthepremisethathydrologicalprocessesandtheparametersusedtodescribethemaresimilarwithinthanbetweendifferentclimatezonesMethod,46,GroupingofKppenclimatezonesintoparametertransferzones,47,TheclimatezonesofChinaaccordingtoKppenclassification,48,LocationsoftheselectedbasinsinChinaforcalibrationandverifications,49,50,Schematicrepresentationoftheparameterregionalizationscheme,51,Selectedriverbasins,52,Parametercalibration,Calibrationwasperformedandfocusedonmatchingthetotalannualflowvolumeandtheshapeofthemonthlyhydrographaccordingtothefollowingprocedures:Settheestimatedvaluesforthedepthsofthethreesoillayers,withdeeperdepthsforaridandsemi-aridregionsandlowerdepthsforhumidregions;CalibratetheARNOmodelparameterstofitthelowflow;Calibratetheinfiltrationparametertomatchtheobservedflowpeaks,withahighervaluetoincreasethepeakandalowervaluetolowerthepeak;Makeafineadjustmentontheseparameterstogetbestsimulationresults.,53,Parametertransferscheme,ParameterstobetransferredTransferschemeTransferredfromtheprimarytothesecondarycatchmentsbasedonclimatezone,54,ThreedepthsofthreesoillayersTheexponentoftheVIC-3LsoilmoisturecapacitycurveBTheparametersintheARNOsubsurfaceflowparameterization,ModelparametersofVIC-3Ltobetransferred,55,Parametertransfer,(1)ThosefortwocatchmentsintheYellowRiverBasinarecalibrated,theparametersforthetwocatchmentsareaveragedrespectivelyasthecorrespondingparametersforthezoneofcontinentalclimatewithcoolsummer.(2)ThosefortwocatchmentsintheHaiheRiverBasinarecalibrated,andtheparametersforthetwocatchmentsareaveragedrespectivelyasthecorrespondingparametersforthezoneofcontinentalclimatewithhotsummer.,56,(3)ThoseforonecatchmentintheHeiheRiverBasinarecalibrated,andtheparametersforthecatchmentaresettothosecorrespondingparametersforthezoneofcontinentalclimatewithshortcoolsummer.(4)MostofareaintheHuaiheRiverBasinandtheYangtzeRiverBasinbelongstothezoneofrainy,midlatitudeclimate.TheparametersfortwocatchmentsintheHuaiheRiverBasinarecalibrated,andthoseforthetwocatchmentsareaveragedrespectivelyasthecorrespondingparametersforthezoneofrainyandmidlatitudeclimatelocatedintheHuaiheRiverBasin.ThosefortwocatchmentsintheYangtzeRiverBasinarecalibrated,andtheparametersforthetwocatchmentsareaveragedrespectivelyasthecorrespondingparametersforthezoneofrainyandmidlatitudeclimatelocatedintheYangtzeRiverBasin.,57,ParametersfortherainyandmidlatitudeclimatezonenorthoftheHuaiheRiverBasinandtheYangtzeRiverBasinaresettothatfortheHuaiheRiverBasin;parametervaluesfortheclimatezonesouthofthesetworiverbasinsareequivalenttothatfortheYangtzeRiverBasin.(5)Thezoneoftropicalclimatehassimilarclimaticcharacteristicsasthoseinrainyandmidlatitudeclimatezone.Therefore,theparametersforthezoneoftropicalclimatearesettobethecorrespondingparametersfortheYangtzeRiverBasin.(6)Sincestreamflowdataforthezoneofdryandcoldclimateisnotavailable,defaultvaluesofB,D1,D2,Dm,DsandWsfortheareaaresettobe0.3,0.1,0.5,2.0,0.02,8.0,and0.8respectively.,58,Simulation,PrimaryCatchmentsTheVICmodelalsoprovidesadefaultparameterset,namelytheparametersetforbasecase.Comparisonsweremadebetweentheresultsforthebasecaseandcalibration.,59,Meanmonthlyhydrographsofobservedandsimulatedflowfortheprimarybasins,60,Monthlyhydrographsofobservedandsimulatedflowfortheprimarybasin,61,Meanmonthlyhydrographsofobservedandsimulatedflowfortheprimarybasins,62,PrimaryCatchments,Themodelperformancewasconsiderablybetterforthecalibratedparametersthanthosewithoutcalibration.Ingeneral,calibrationimprovetheresultsinallinstancescomparedthosewithnocalibration.,63,SecondaryCatchments,Theparametersweretransferredtosecondarycatchmentsandrunoffsimulationwiththetransferredparameterswasperformed.Runoffsimulationwiththerecalibratedparameterswasperformed.Resultswerecomparedforthebasecase,thetransferredcaseandtherecalibrationcase.,64,Meanmonthlyhydrographsofobservedandsimulatedflowforthesecondarybasins,65,Monthlyhydrograp