美国文学（课堂PPT）

,AmericanLiterature,1,AmericanLiterature,TeachingMaterials:ASurveyofAmericanLiterature，美国文学简史（第二版），常耀信，南开大学出版社。,2,FurtherReading:,李宜燮，常耀信，SelectedReadingsinAmericanLiterature美国文学选读（上册）。李宜燮，常耀信，SelectedReadingsinAmericanLiterature美国文学选读（下册）。AGuidetoaSurveyofAmericanLiterature,（第二版）学习指南，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。牛津文学术语词典，上海外语教育出版社。漫话英美文学.常耀信.天津：南开大学出版社，2004.,3,Introduction,Whatisliterature?Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart,esp.fiction,dramaandpoetry.Languageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Literatureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.Forms(genres)ofliterature?Poetry,novel(fiction),drama,prose,essay,epic,elegy,shortstory,journalism,sermon,(auto)biography,travelaccounts,novelette,etc.ItcontainsfictionthefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublictheUnitedStatesofAmerica.,21,Theearlysettlers,ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.CaptainJohnSmithreachedJamestown,Virginiain1607.PuritanscametheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerin1620.ThefirstsettlementwasestablishedinPlymouthin1620.MassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedin1630.,22,PuritanisminAmerica,WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?-toescapereligiouspersecution-toreformtheChurchofEngland-tohaveanentirelynewchurch*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”,23,TheDefinitionofLiteraryTerms,ColonialAmericaAmericanPuritanismAmericanDreamGreatAwakening,24,ColonialAmerica,Columbusfoundthenewworldinavoyageof1492.Theearly1600switnessedthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.InNovember9,1620,theMayflowershiplandsatCapeCod,Massachusetts,with101colonists:theestablishmentofthefirstAmericancolonyandthebeginningofthestrenuoussettlementinthenewworld.TheNativeAmericanspossessedatragichistoryofsubjugationandbloodshedbythosestrangersfromabroad.,25,AmericanPuritanism,PuritanismwasareligiousreformmovementthatarosewithintheChurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesoftheseventeenthcenturytothenorthernEnglishcoloniesintheNewWorldamigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectualandsocialorderofNewEngland.,26,Puritanism,Puritanismisahighlystrictreligiousdoctrine.ThePuritansweredeterminedtofindaplaceonthenewcontinentwheretheycouldworshipGodinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.Puritanismalsohasitspracticalaspect.ThePuritanshadtoworkhardinordertomakealivingandbereadyforanymisfortunesandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem.,27,Puritanism:AmericanPuritans,Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence.Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.,28,Puritanism:AmericanPuritans,Puritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.PuritanswishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.Puritanslookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted.Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.ReligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.,29,Puritanism:AmericanPuritans,PuritansfollowtheideasofJohnCalvin.PuritanismwasinfluencedheavilybyCalvinism.Calvinismreferstoacomprehensivetheologicalsystem,chieflydistinguishedbyitsviewofGodandHisrelationshiptoman.ThenameofthesystemisderivedbyJohnCalvinssurname.Thereare5majorpointsofCalvinism.Theyareberememberedbytheacronym:TULIP.,30,TULIP,Totalhereditary/depravity(originalsin,mansnaturalinabilitytoexercisefreewill,sincethroughAdamsFall,hehassufferedhereditarycorruption.)Unconditionalelection.(predestination,whichmanifestsitselfthroughGodswisdomtoelectthosetobesaved,despitetheirinabilitytoperformsavingwork.)Limitedatonement.(particularredemption,manshereditarycorruptionbeingpartiallyatonedbyChrist,andthisatonementbeingprovidedtheelectthroughtheHolySpirit,givingthemthepowertoattempttoobeyGodswillasrevealedthroughBible)Irresistiblegrace.(effectualcalling,anticipatorygracemadeavailableonlytotheelect.)PerseveranceoftheSaints(oncesaved,alwayssaved),31,FeaturesofPuritanism,1)Predestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)Totaldepravity:HumanitysuttercorruptionsincetheFall.4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.,32,InfluenceofPuritanism,Influence-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.,33,InfluenceofPuritanism,1）Agroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.Americanliterature,inasense,wasaliteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismofthePuritanrequest.Namely,Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,themythofGardenofEden.(optimism/AmericanDream)3)Symbolism:ThePuritansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionbroughtAmericanliterarysymbolismintobeing,aliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.4)Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.ThePuritanstyleofwritingwascharacterizedbysimplicity.(Theuseofmetaphorswasonlytoexplainthewritersopinionsratherthantodecorate.),34,Puritanism:Puritanvalues/Creeds,hardworkthriftpietysobrietyPuritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.,35,AmericanDream,TheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessand/orhappiness.,36,GreatAwakening,GreatAwakeningisaseriesofreligiousrevivalthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesaboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury.Itresultedindoctrinalchangeandinfluencedsocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstartedin1734bytherousingpreachingofJonathanEdwards.,37,Typesofwriting:histories,travelaccounts,diaries,biographies,letters,autobiographies,sermons,andpoems.,Majorwriters:JohnSmiththefirstAmericanwriterAnneBradstreetthefirstimportantpoetintheAmericancolonies.HerworkTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)isconsideredasthefirstbookoforiginalpoetrywrittenincolonialAmerica.EdwardTaylorfinestpoetofthecolonialperiod.,38,AuthorsandTheirWorks,Puritanism:WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,JonathanEdwards.AntiPuritanism:RogerWilliams,JohnWoolman,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneau,39,MajorWriters,CaptainJohnSmith（约翰史密斯）thefirstAmericanwriterADescriptionofNewEngland新英格兰叙事(1616)GeneralHistoryofVirginia弗吉尼亚通史（1642）Pocahontas,40,WilliamBradford(1590-1657),OneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,whollyconsecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.Attheageof18,heaccompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.13yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.From1622untilhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.Masterpiece:OfPlymouthPlantation,41,OfPlymouthPlantation,AstoryoftheseearlyAmericanandtheirlonggeographicalandspiritualpilgrimage.Throughthestory,wesharethestruggle,thefears,andthevictoriesovertheelements.BradfordseesthesignseverywhereandalwayskeepssightofsignsofGodsjudgmentandprovidence.BradfordwritesinthePuritanPlainstyle,seldomusinganymetaphorordecorativelanguage.,42,Threemajorpoetsincolonialperiod:,AnneBradstreetMichaelWigglesworthEdwardTaylor,43,AnneBradstreet(安妮布拉德斯特里特)(1612-1672)thefirstAmericanwomanpoetaPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”mostfamouspoems“Contemplations”沉思录,44,AnneBradstreet(1612-1672),thefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiod,AnneBradstreetsWorks“SomeversesontheBurningofOurHouse”“TheSpiritandtheFlesh”TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmericaAnneBradstreetsLife*ShewasbornandeducatedinEngland.*Attheageof18,shecametoAmericain1630withherfatherandhusband.*Shehad8children.*Shebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.,thefirstcollectionpublishedbyEnglishcolonistslivinginAmerica,45,TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica,PublishedinEnglandin1650asherfirstbook.BradstreetsfinestpoemsarethoseclosesttoherpersonalexperienceasaPuritanwifeandmotherlivingintheedgeofthewildness.Shefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthedomesticdetailsofdailylifeandthespiritualdetailsofherreligiouslife.Inconclusion,AnneBradstreetwasnotaninnovativepoet,butherdirectnessandhersincerityaremoving.,46,2.MichaelWigglesworth(1631-1705),themostpopularpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodWork:“TheDayofDoom”(1662),3.EdwardTaylor(1642?-1729),thefinestpoetincolonialperiod/ThegreatestpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodWork:PreparatoryMeditation,47,FeaturesofColonialPoets,TheywereservantsofGod.TheyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.,InEnglishstyle,Puritanpoets,48,MainFeaturesofColonialLiterature,Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.ThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.,49,ChapterTwo,RevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1783)TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1700-1800),“TheAgeofReason”“AmericanEnlightenment”,50,LiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1700-1800),I.Background-TheEnlightenmentMovement-TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)II.JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinA.JonathanEdwards“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”B.BenjaminFranklinsTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin(pp.21-28)III.FeaturesofLiterature,51,LiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1700-1800),I.BackgroundTheEnlightenmentMovementA.IntroductionB.ThreeEnlightenmentthinkers1.JohnLocke(1642-1704)2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778)C.Thetwobasicpatternsofthoughtdominatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking1.Deism2.CalvinistbeliefsandtenetsD.Influenceonliterature,52,TheEnlightenmentMovementA.Introduction,OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyResources:Newtonstheory;deism（自然神教派，见课本，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)Basicprinciples:stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheAgeofReason.);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjusticeSignificance:acceleratingsocialprogress;freeingpeoplefromthelimitationssetbyprevailingPuritanism;makingspiritualpreparationforAmericanRevolution,53,B.ThreeEnlightenmentthinkers,1.JohnLocke(1642-1704),EnglishEnlightenmentthinkerputforwardtheideaofmenbeingbynamefree,equalandindependent.maintainedthatlifeisanaturalright,alongwithlibertyandproperty.believedthatgovernmentshouldbebasedupontheconsentofthegovernedandastatefoundedontheconceptofconsentmustbestructuredtoallowforexpressionsofpopularconsentorwill.,54,2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679),anEnglishpoliticalphilosophersoughttoapplyrationalprinciplestothestudyofhumannature.believedthatmanismotivatedmoststronglybyadesireforself-preservation,asaresultofwhichheseekspower.Manisabeastinjungle,andifletalone,wouldresorttoanarchy,whereonlytheuseofforcecanbesuccessful.Inordertoinsurehimselfasocietywherereasonprevailsoverforce,manmustsurrendersomeofhisrightstogovernmentinreturnforprotectionandorder.Andthegovernmentmostsuitedtomaintainorderandsuppressthoseinstinctsinmanisanabsolutemonarchy.Governmentshouldalsoprotectproperty,55,3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778),aSwiss-bornFrenchwriter,maintainedthatmanisgoodbynature.Hisfamouswork,TheSocialContract(1762),claimedthatwhenmenformasocialcontracttoformagovernment,powerrestsultimatelywiththepeople.Theymaywithdrawtheirsupportoftheirleaderswhennecessary.Hebelievedthattheleastamountofgovernmentwasbestandthatprivatepropertyprotectedbygovernmentisevil.,56,TheirInfluence,LockeandRousseaurepresentedtheimpulseforJeffersoniandemocracy,andHobbesrepresentedthepointofview,oftenexpressedbyHamilton,ofastrongcentralgovernment.TheseEnlightenmentconceptsalsoproducedgreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.,57,AmericanEnlightenment,The18th-centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition,scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy.Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman.Thecolonistswhowouldformanewnationwerefirmbelieversinthepowerofreason;theywereambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politicallyastute,andself-reliant.,58,Basicassumptionsandbeliefshumanreasonknowledgecomesonlyfromexperienceandobservationguidedbyreasondiscoveryoftruththroughtheobservationofnature,ratherthanthroughthestudyoftheBibleDeism:Godisthecreatoroftheuniverse,yetHeleavesittooperateaccordingtonaturallawHumanaspirationsshouldnotbecenteredonthenextlife,butratheronthemeansofimprovingthislife.Worldlyhappinesswasplacedbeforereligioussalvation.,59,C.Thetwobasicpatternsofthoughtdominatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking,1.Deism(自然神论）acompletenewviewoftheuniverseawholesetofnewideasandphilosophiesinterestedinmansownnature,thenaturalworldandthehumanworld,60,2.Calvinistbeliefsandtenets,Calvinistsbelievethatmanwas,sincetheFall,basicallyevilandenslavedbyhissenseofsin,andthatGodwasall,andwouldinHismercyandloveworkformanssalvation,butasformen,allhecoulddowastoworshiptheAlmightyandhope.,61,D.Influenceonliterature,Inform:imitatingEnglishclassical（古典主义）writersIncontent:utilitariantendency(forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose),62,TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783),1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWarJune4th,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy1778,Englisharmysurrendered1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernment,63,Authors:,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):PoorRichardsAlmanac格言历书;AutobiographyThomasPaine(1737-1809):ComonSenseThomasJefferson(1743-1826):DeclarationofIndependence(1776)WilliamHillBrown(1765-1793):ThePowerofSympathyPhilipFreneau(1752-1832):“TheWildHoneySuckle”romanticpoemsJonathanEdwards,64,II.Edwards,Franklin,Edwards-Puritannaveidealism(usedCalvinistbeliefandtenetstostageaseriesofreligiousrevivalsknownasthe“GreatAwakening”inNorthAmericafrom1735to1750.)Franklin-crudematerialism(useddeismasaneffectivepracticalsupporttothenewideasofprogress.)Both-inheritorsofthePuritantradition.,65,JonathanEdwards(1703-1758),ManofGod,66,JonathanEdwards(1703-1758),1.Status:apuritanwriter,theologian,colonialAmericanpreacherandmissionarytoNativeAmericans2.Comments:Edwards“iswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmericasmostimportantandoriginalphilosophicaltheologian.HeisknownasoneofthegreatestandmostprofoundofAmericantheologiansandrevivalists.(bornforreligionanddiedforscience)3.Works:TheFreedomoftheWill(1954);TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended(1758);TheNatureofTrueVirtue(1765)“PersonalNarrative”and“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”arehisfrequentlyanthologizedpieces.,67,JonathanEdwards,4.Criticism:Hisworkisverybroadinscope,butheisoftenassociatedwithhisdefenseofCalvinisttheology,themetaphysicsoftheologicaldeterminism,andthePuritanheritage.Hisfamoussermon“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod,”emphasizedthejustwrathofGodagainstsinandcontrasteditwiththeprovisionofGodforsalvation;theintensityofhispreachingsometimesresultedinmembersoftheaudiencefainting,swooning,andothermoreobtrusivereactions.,68,上帝愤怒之弓已经绷起，利剑已在弦上，正义将箭锋直指你的心脏，拉紧了弓弦，何时松手，让利箭飞来吸吮你的鲜血，完全由上帝的意志决定，他既不允诺，也不负责。,69,TheGreatAwakening,GeneralrevivalofevangelicalreligionintheAmericancolonies,whichreacheditspeakintheearly1740s.Localrevivalshadoccurredpreviously,inspiredbytheteachingofsuchclergymenasthecongregationaltheologianJonathanEdwards.Theystimulatedreligiouszeal,producedconversions,andincreasedchurchmembership.InNewEngland,Calvinismwasreinvigorated,andJonathanEdwardsemergedastheleadingorthodoxtheologian.,70,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),71,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),A.Status:oneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationararegeniusinhumanhistoryJackofalltrades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,almanacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman,almosteverything,72,自传,格言历书,C.Life,BenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-makersfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub.,B.Works,TheAutobiographyPoorRichardsAlmanack,73,FranklinsContributionstoScience,Hewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”,FranklinsContributionstotheU.S.,HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitution,D.FranklinsContributionstoSociety,HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.,74,PoorRichardsAlmanack,1.Time:almostaquarterofcentury2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages,commonsensewitticisms3.Sources:heborrowedthemfromsuchfamouswriterssuc