第二章-医学词汇的来源最精简

ChapterTwo,EtymologicalStudyofEnglishLanguageandMedicalTerms,-omics,genomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomics,TwoTypesofMedicalTerms,Native=Anglo-saxonBorrowed=loan-word,TwoTypesofMedicalTerms,Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.,WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish,MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructuresOrgansSubstancesbasicconceptsofhumanactivities,WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish,Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical),WordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithoutSemanticalChanges,anklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandknee,lipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,bloodInO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”orthatwhichburstsout”.,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,bloodbleedinghemorrhagecerebralhemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internalhemorrhage内出血subarachnoidhemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subduralhemorrhage硬脑膜下出血,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chestchestInO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(药箱),AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chestThemeaningwasextendedto“thorax”in1530andreplacedbreast,onthemetaphorthattheribsareaboxfortheorgans.,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chestflatchest扁平胸seeninweakpeopleorpeoplewithchronicconsumption,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chest桶状胸barrelchestcommonlyseeninpatientwithemphysema,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chestrachiticchestrE5kitik佝偻病胸鸡胸pigeonchestpeoplewithrachitisrE5kaitis,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,chestfunnelchest漏斗胸,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,organItwasorganeinO.E.,andorgeneinO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,organSensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(风琴).,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,organGreatOrganWorks伟大管风琴作品OrganFavorites最著名的管风琴曲,AnatomicwordsWordsevolvedfromoldEnglishWithSemanticalChanges,organThemeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,Process,EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800),Time:1500-1800Event:RenaissanceResult:waveofinnovationinEnglish,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,acnewhiteheadsblackheadspustulesnodules,orcysts,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,acneacnevulgaris寻常性痤疮aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,anorexiaanorexiaItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexiain1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“lackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,diagnosisWeshowinthisfirstcasereportthatadiagnosisofHairycellleukemia(HCL)canbeaccuratelyrenderedEUS-FNAsamples.Toconsistentlymakeadiagnosisofgastritis,knowledgeofthestructuresseeninnormalstomachisrequired.,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,diagnosismisdiagnosismisdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.dualdiagnosis,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,metastasisEnteringEnglishin1577,itwasderivedfromGreekmetastasis(transference,removal,change),whichwasevolvedfrommethistanai(toremove,change)composedofmeta-(over,across)andhistanai(toplace,causetostand).,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,metastasismE5tAstEsisItwasfirstusedinmedicinereferringto“shiftofdiseasefromonepartofthebodytoanother”inEnglishfrom1663.,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,necrosisEnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(becomingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).,WordsoriginatedfromGreek,necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktoRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedafterNormanConquest.AsNormaninvadersspokealanguagethatderivesfromAncientLatin,borrowingfromLatinwasinevitable.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,abscessItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,aortaBorrowedintoEnglishin1578fromMiddleLatinaorta,thetermwasappliedbyAristotletothegreatarteryoftheheart.Itliterallymeant“whatishungup.”,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,autopsyBorrowedintoEnglishfromModernLatinautopsia(aneye-witnessing)in1651,itisformedfromautos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“asight.”Senseof“dissectionofabodytodeterminecauseofdeath”isfirstrecorded1678.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,autopsyalsocallednecropsypostmortempostmortemexamination,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,cellItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,cortexEnteringEnglishin1653fromLatin,originallymeaning“barkofatree.”Specificreferenceof“theouterlayerofthebrain”wasfirstrecordedin1741.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,thecortexofthebraintheadrenalglandthekidneythecerebellum,braincortex/cerebralcortexadrenalcortexrenalcortexcerebellarcortex,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,hydrophobiaItwasfromlateLatinhydrophobia,fromhydros(water)andphobos(dread,fear).Itissocalledbecausehumansufferersshowaversiontowaterandhavedifficultyswallowingit.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,hydrophobiaalsocalledrabies/maddogdisease,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,symptomsofinflammation红肿热痛,othertermsofinflammation浸润渗出渗出液,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,symptomsofinflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor/hotness痛:dolor/pain,othertermsofinflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudate,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,medicineOriginallyarsmedicina(themedicalart)inLatin,itenteringEnglisharound1225frommedicina.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“littlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy/myo.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,obstetricsItwasborrowedin1742fromModernLatinobstetricus(pertainingtoamidwife),whichwasformedfromobstetrix(midwife).Madefromobstare(standoppositeto),itliterallymeans“onewhostandsopposite(thewomangivingbirth)”.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,placeboItisMiddleEnglishfromLatinplacebo(Ishallplease).ItwasoriginallyusedfortheriteofVespersoftheOfficeoftheDead,beingthefirstwordofthefirstantiphon,thatis,“PlaceboDominoinregionevivorum”(Iwillplease(我愿意)theLordinthelandoftheliving).,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,placeboMedicalsense(amedicinegivenmoretopleasethantobenefitthepatient)isfirstrecorded1785.,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,panacea7pAnE5siEItcameintoEnglishin1548fromLatinpanacea(anallhealingherb),whichoriginatedfromGreekpanakeia(cureall),frompan(all)andakos(cure).,WordsoriginatedfromLatin,panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。,WordsoriginatedfromArabian,WordsoriginatedfromArabian,Chemistryalchemy炼金术duramaterduramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamaterpiamatercerebri=softmotherofbrain,WordsoriginatedfromArabian,cephalicvein头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilicvein贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrup,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).benefitbenedictionbeneficent,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,MortuaryBorrowedintoEnglishin1330fromAngloFrenchmortuarie(gifttoaparishpriestfromadeceasedparishioner),itwasfirstusedtoreferto“aplacewherebodiesarekepttemporarily”in1865asaeuphemismforearlierdeadhouse.,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,EmbolismBorrowedintoEnglishin1387fromOldFrenchembolisme,itoriginallymeant“intercalation(置润)ofdaysintoacalendar”astheFrenchwordwasderivedfromlateLatinembolismus(insertionofdaysinacalendartocorrecterrors).Itsmedicalsenseof“obstructionofabloodvessel”isfirstrecordedinEnglishin1855.,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,MalaisemA5leizBorrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“illease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAngloFrenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,Prostate5prCsteitItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostate前列腺痛prostatodynia,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,Prostate前列腺切除术prostatectomyprostaglandin前列腺素,WordsoriginatedfromFrench,bruit杂音chancre下疳debridement清创术goiter甲状腺肿grand/petitmal癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗massage按摩,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,German,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.Suchadvancesnecessitatenewvocabularytodenotenewfindings,discoveries,conceptsandsubstances.SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,aspirinItwascoinedin1899inGermanasatrademarknameeitherfromGreeka(without)andLatinspiraea(ulmaria),theplantinwhoseflowersorleavestheprocessedacidinthemedicineisfoundnaturally.Henceaspirinmeans“acetylosalicylicacidwhichisgainednotfromtheSpiraeaulmaria(butinachemicalway)”.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,aspirinOritmaybeacontractionofacetyliertespirsure,theGermannameoftheacid.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemoandtherapie.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,chromosomeItenteredEnglishin1889fromGermanchromosom,coinedthepreviousyearbyGermananatomistWilhelmvonWaldeyerHartzfromGreekchroma(color)andsoma(body).Itissocalledbecausethestructurescontainasubstancethatstainsreadilywithbasicdyes.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,geneComingintoEnglishin1911fromGermanGen,itwascoinedin1905byDanishscientistWilhelmLudvigJohannsen(18571927),fromGreekgenea“generation,race”.Geneshadearlierbeencalledpangenes.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,GenomeLiterallymeaning“sumtotalofgenesinaset,”itwasborrowedintoEnglishin1930fromGermangenom,whichwascoinedin1920byGermanbotanistHansWinklerfromgen(gene)and(chromos)om(chromosome).,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,PsychoanalysisItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1906fromGermanPsychoanalyse,coined1896byFreudfromGreekpsykhe(mental)andGermananalyse.Psychoanalystandpsychoanalyzewerebothfirstattestedin1911.,WordsoriginatedfromGerman,SchizophreniaItenteredEnglishin1912fromGermanschizophreniecoinedbyE.Bleulerin1910fromGreekskhizein(tosplit)andphren(mind).Slangshorteningschizowasfirstattestedin1920sasanadjectiveandfrom1945asanoun.e.g.rachischisis,WordsoriginatedfromItalian,influenzaItwasborrowedduringanoutbreakofthediseaseinEuropein1743fromItalianinfluenza(influenza,epidemic).Originally:“visitation,influence(ofthestars),”,WordsoriginatedfromItalian,influenzaUsedinItalianfordiseasessinceatleast1504onthenotionof“astraloroccultinfluence”.The1743outbreakbeganinItaly.Ithasbeenoftenappliedsincemiddle19thcenturytoseverecolds.,WordsoriginatedfromItalian,Whatisaffluenza?,WordsoriginatedfromItalian,malariaBorrowedin1740fromItalianmalariaformedfrommalaaria,itliterallymeans“badair,