跨文化交际：人际交流

Interpersonal Communication,人际交流,Definition of IPCModels of IPCTheories of IPCPrinciples of IPCDifferent cultural patterns or orientations of IPC between China & the USImprovement of IPC cross cultures,Definition of IPCMiller ：IPC occurs between two individuals when they are close in proximity, able to provide immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses. Peters：IPC includes communication that is personal and occurring between people who are more than acquaintances.,Definition of IPCVerderber：a process through which people create and manage their relationships, exercising mutual responsibility in creating meaning Another view ： IPC is a goals approach; that is, IPC includes communication used to define or achieve personal goals through interaction with others (e.g., Canary, Cody, & Manusov, 2003),Models of IPCLiner view of communicationInteractional view of communication,Speaker,Listener,Listener,Speaker,Listener,Speaker,Speaker,Listener,Models of IPCTransactional view of communication (face-to-face communication) (computer-meditated communication),Speaker/Listener,computer,computer,Speaker/Listener,Speaker/Listener,Speaker/Listener,Theories of IPC1. Uncertainty Reduction Theory2. Social Exchange Theory3. Social Penetration Theory 4. Relational Patterns of Interaction Theory5. Communication Privacy Management Theory,1. Uncertainty Reduction TheoryThis theory was proposed to predict and explain relational development (or lack thereof) between strangers. The theory explains how individuals seek to reduce uncertainty between each other during initial interactions, based on self-disclosure of information. Berger, C. R., Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some Exploration in Initial Interaction and Beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99112.,2. Social Exchange TheorySocial exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology.George C. Homans Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (1961, rev. ed. 1974)Blau, Peter (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.,3. Social Penetration Theory Taylor, D. & Altman, I. (1975) proposed that closeness occurs through a gradual process of self-disclosure, and closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion. This psychological theory, as with many others, is applied in the context of interpersonal relationships such as communications.Taylor, D. & Altman, I. (1975). Self-disclosure as a function of reward-cost outcomes. Sociometry, 38. p.18-31.,4. Relational Patterns of Interaction TheoryThis theory studies how relationships are defined by peoples interaction during communication. Gregory Bateson, Paul Watzlawick, et al. laid the groundwork for this theory and went on to become known as the Palo Alto Group. Their theory became the foundation from which scholars in the field of communication approached the study of relationships.Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J., & Jackson, D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes (pp. 120 121). New York: Norton.,5. Communication Privacy Management TheoryOf the socio-cultural tradition, communication privacy management theory is concerned with how people negotiate openness and privacy in concern to communicated information. This theory focuses on how people in relationships manage boundaries which separate the public from the private.Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure. Albany: SUNY Press.,Principles of IPC1. Interpersonal communication is irreversible and inevitable. a. You cannot ever take back something you have said. 2. Interpersonal communication involves rules. a. Social rules or expectations of how you act during a conversation.,Principles of IPC3. Interpersonal communication is always affected by culture and power. a. Different cultures have different ways of expressing themselves. b. You communicate differently with your parents than you do your close friends. 4. Interpersonal communication is changing with technology. a. Cell phones, instant messaging, and email have changed the way we communicate.,Different cultural patterns or orientations of IPC between China & the USHigh-context vs. Low-context Collectivism vs. Individualism 3. Hierarchy vs. Equality4. Interpersonal Harmony vs. Assertiveness,China USindirect , implicit direct , explicit nonverbal verbaldetailed, definite vague, ambiguous,China the USConfucianism HumanismCooperation competitiongroup goals personal goalsfamilies, institutions individuals“独木不成林“众人拾柴火焰高”“三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮”Constitution of the US: Everyone is born equal.,Chinese Face Individuals-in-relationsNo unique faceA network of relationshipscommunal,American faceindependent, self-reliant, and self-oriented beingsUnique and self-contained individuals,Chinakinship relationships are significant Chinese are quite conscious of their positions in interactionShow respect to others礼 (politeness)刮痧 518-630 5530-5650,The USvalue of equality is prevalent in both primary and secondary social relationships Pay more attention to the realization of the communication but less to the feeling of the listeners,Chinato value accord and harmony to pursue a conflict-free and group-oriented system,The USto encourage, approveto reward aggressive behavior. to value individualism, equality, competition freedom of speech, and assertiveness,Toward Pareto OptimalPeople can take several routes as they manage tensions and strive for resolution.1. avoidance: cultures choose not to adress the tensio