英语教学法流派(英语)41283VIP

.,1,SchoolsofEnglishTeachingMethodology,.,2,TraditionalApproachStructuralistApproachHumanisticApproachDevelopmentofCommunicativeApproach:,Grammar-TranslationMethod,DirectMethod,SituationalApproach,AudiolingualApproach,CommunityLanguageLearning,TotalPhysicalResponse,TheSilentWay,Suggestopedia,CommunicativeLanguageTeaching,Task-BasedLanguageTeaching,Content-BasedInstruction,OverviewofELTMethodology,.,3,Grammar-TranslationMethod,.,4,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,5,TheGrammar-TranslationMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichusestranslationandgrammarstudyasthemainteachingandlearningactivities.,Definition：,.,6,翻译法也叫语法翻译法(Grammar-TranslationMethod)、阅读法(ReadingMethod)、古典法(ClassicalMethod)。翻译法最早是在欧洲用来教授古典语言希腊语和拉丁语的外语教学方法，到18世纪末和19世纪中期开始被用来教授现代语言。翻译法的教学目的是培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。其突出的特点是：教师用母语授课，授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。,.,7,ItwasfirstusedintheteachingoftheclassicallanguagesofLatinandGreek.Inthe16thcentury，grammaranalysisbecamethebasicwayinforeignlanguageteachinginEurope.Untilthe19thcentury,grammartranslationmethodbecamewidelyapprovedandusedinthewholeworld.,Background,.,8,1.Understandingandmemorizationofcomplicatedgrammaticalrulesoflanguageswereregardedasimportantmeansofdevelopmentmentality.2.Grammarisregardedasthecoreoflanguage,grammaristhemaincontentinclassroom.3.Thelanguagewasregardedasabodyofesteemedknowledgetobelearnedwithanemphasisonintellectualrigor.,Theoreticalbase,.,9,1.Thefocusonclassroomisteachingandpracticesofgrammarofthetargetlanguage.2.Languageskillsareemphasizedreadingandwritingbutlittleornosystematicattentionispaidtospeakingandlistening.3.Thenativelanguageisoverused.Thereislittleuseofthetargetlanguage.4.theteacheremphasizesaccuracyratherthanfluency.,Characteristics,.,10,1.复习：默写单词；个别与集体背诵上一课课文第几段等等。2.教授新词：教师课前将本课新词的英语、音标和汉语解释写在小黑板上（或卡片上）。上课时按单词表逐字讲解。学生跟教师朗读英语单词后，教师说汉语，学生说英语单词，或反之。3.讲授语法（规则动词现在进行时）：教师讲解动词现代进行时的意义及其变化规则后，在黑板上写出课文中的动词原形，要求学生将它们转换成现在分词，再变成现在进行时。,Procedure,.,11,4.讲解课文：教师逐句念课文，要求学生分析语法与翻译成汉语。教师随时纠正学生的错误。5.巩固新课：学生跟教师逐句朗读课文后，教师根据课文提问，学生按课文内容回答。6.布置作业：拼写单词；语法填空；背诵某段课文。,.,12,Thismethodwouldbeginwithamassivebilingualvocabularylist.Grammarpointswouldcomedirectlyfromthetextsandbepresentedcontextuallyinthetextbook,tobeexplainedelaboratelybytheinstructor.,Procedure,.,13,Grammarthusprovidedtherulesforassemblingwordsintosentences.Tedioustranslationandgrammardrillswouldbeusedtoexerciseandstrengthentheknowledgewithoutmuchattentiontocontent.Sentenceswouldbedeconstructedandtranslated.,.,14,E.g.:ThenextmorningIhadabadaccidentwiththesledandhurtmyleg.Icouldntstandonmyleftlegandmyheadwaswoozyfromhittingtheground.ButIknewthatIhadtogetup.Lyingontheice,Iwouldsoondie.IstruggledtomykneesknowingthatsomehowIhadtoputmytentupforshelter.OnhandsandkneesIgotupanddraggedmysleepingbagintothetentandlaydownoutofthecoldwind.,.,15,Eventually,entiretextswouldbetranslatedfromthetargetlanguageintothenativelanguageandtestswouldoftenaskstudentstoreplicateclassicaltextsinthetargetlanguage.Verylittleattentionwasplacedonpronunciationoranycommunicativeaspectsofthelanguage.,.,16,Advantages,1.Itcanhelpstudentstohaveabetterunderstandingofthemeaningofabstractwordsandcomplicatedsentences.2.Itcanfosterstudentsabilityofreadingcomprehensionandproducinggrammaticallycorrectsentencesanddevelopstudentsabilityofanalyzingandsolvingproblems.,.,17,3.TheGrammar-Translationmakesfewdemandsonteachersalthoughitoftencreatesfrustrationforstudents.,.,18,Disadvantage,1.Themethodbydefinitionhasaverylimitedscopeofobjectives.2.Throughgrammartranslation,studentslackedanactiveroleintheclassroom.,.,19,TheDirectMethod,.,20,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,21,Definition,TheDirectMethodisthelearningoflanguageinarelevantsetting.Notranslationisallowed.Meaningistobeconveyeddirectlyintothesecondlanguagethroughdemonstrationandvisualaids.,.,22,Background,Inthelate19thcenturyinEurope,foreconomicdevelopment,thecommunicationamongnationsbecamemorefrequent.Foreignlanguagelearningwashighlydemanded.Oralcommunicationbecamethemaingoalofforeignlanguageteaching.ItwasdevelopedasaresponsetotheGrammar-Translationmethod.,.,23,直接法是在19世纪后半叶作为语法翻译法的对立物在西欧出现的，主要代表人物是贝力兹（M.D.Berlitz）、艾盖尔特（B.Eggert）和帕默（H.E.Palmer）。直接法也叫自然法(NaturalMethod)、心理法(PsychologicalMethod)、口语法(OralMethod)、改良法(ReformedMethod),.,24,Usethenaturalwaytocommunicate,likeababylearningitsmothertongue.Thelearningofgrammar/translatingskillsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyinvolvetheapplicationoftheMT.,Theoreticalbase,.,25,Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.Grammarwastaughtinductively.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.Concretevocabularyistaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,andpictures.Abstractvocabularyistaughtbyassociationofideas.6.Thelearnerisactivelyinvolvedinusingthelanguageinrealisticeverydaysituations.7.Studentsareencouragedtothinkinthetargetlanguage.,Characteristics,.,26,1.讲授新词：教师进入课堂后用英语问候学生，并就日常生活题材与学生进行简单的问答式会话。然后，自然进入讲授新词阶段。先利用教室内与新词有关的实物引出新词，再出示课前准备的图片，用英语简单描述新词意义。学生理解后在与教师对话中使用新词。2.语法练习：通过学生生活进行。教师先请一学生（张三）起立，然后用动词现在进行时描述：,Procedure,.,27,T:Zhang,pleasestandup.(AfterZhangstoodup.)T:(Totheclass):NowZhangisstanding,butyouareallsitting.T:(ToZhang):Zhang,pleasegotothedoor.T:(Totheclass,whileZhangiswalkingtothedoor):NowZhangiswalkingtothedoor.,.,28,用不同的动词做了类似的练习后，教师总结规则与不规则的动词现在分词变化规律及动词现在进行时的构成与意义。3.根据教师示范，学生两人一组，一个说英语。一个做动作，练习动词现在进行时。4.教授新课文：教师出示一幅表述课文内容的图画。一边讲解图画，一边检查学生是否理解。讲解后根据图画提问，要求学生回答。5.学生两人一组根据图画提问与回答。全班唱一首英语歌结束一课。,.,29,Advantage,Sscorrectpronunciationandbetteroralskillsaredevelopedbecausenonativelanguageisused.,.,30,Disadvantage,1MajorfallacyofDirectMethodwasbeliefthatsecondlanguageshouldbelearnedinwayinwhichfirstlanguagewasacquired-bytotalimmersiontechnique.Butobviouslyfarlesstimeandopportunityinschools,comparedwithsmallchildlearninghismothertongue.2Ittakesmuchtimeforteacherstoexplaincomplicatedwords.,.,31,TheAudio-LingualApproach,.,32,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,33,Definition,Itemphasizestheteachingoflisteningandspeakingbeforereadingandwriting.Itusesdialoguesasthemainformoflanguagepresentationanddrillsasthemaintrainingtechniques.Mothertongueisdiscouragedintheclassroom,.,34,Background,1.developedintheU.S.duringtheSecondWorldWar2.ThegovernmentcommissionedAmericanuniversitiestodevelopforeignlanguageprogramtosupplythewar.ArmySpecializedTrainingProgrammer(ASTP)3.Theobjectivesoftheprogrammerwereforstudentstoattainconversationalproficiency,.,35,.,36,StructuralLinguisticsandBehaviorism,Theoreticalbase,.,37,1.Itfeaturesmemorizationofdialogues,patterndrills,andemphasisonpronunciation.2.Itemphasizestransformpracticeandrepeatedpractice,forminglanguagehabits.3.Foreignlanguageteachingshouldasfaraspossiblereducingorlimitingnativelanguageinterference.4.Electronicteachingmethodiswidelyused.,Characteristics,.,38,RecognitionImitationandrepetition3.Patterndrills4.Follow-upactivities,Procedure,.,39,讲授新词与对话（课文）结合：教师进入课堂后在黑板上画一个女孩（Sally）和一个男孩（John），在他们后面画一个超级市场入口处。教师用英语介绍情况：他们在超市门口相遇，开始了一段对话（新词用简单的图画说明，动词现在进行时包含在对话中）。教师边表演对话边解释语言难点，再让学生听两遍录音。2.熟悉课文：教师先与一个学生对话（重复上述课文），然后全班两人一组练习对话（重复课文）。练习完毕后请几对学生上讲台对话。,.,40,3.句型操练：（1)教师简单讲解动词现在进行时的构成后说，“NowSallyistalkingtoJohn.”，并给出动词词组：askJohnafewquestions,waitforhersister,plantobuylotsofthings要求学生根据动词现在进行时的构成做替换练习。（2)教师给出主语Sally,Mary,Cathy,David,Tim,she,he,we,they等，要求学生做主语替换练习。先单个学生做，再两人一组做并互相检查。,.,41,（3)用同样方法做动词现在进行时的问题和否定形式操练，直到学生能比较熟练地掌握这种句型为止。4.听一遍录音后，要求背诵课文对话。,.,42,Advantages,1.Makinglanguageteachingpossibletolargegroupsoflearners2.Developingsimpletechniquesandmakinguseoflanguagelab3.Developingtheseparationofthelanguageskills4.ItcanimprovestudentsoralEnglish.,.,43,Disadvantage,1.Boredomcausedbyendlesspatterndrills,makemostofthestudentsloseinterestinlearningEnglish2.Learnershavinglittlecontrolovertheirlearning3.nolanguageenvironmenttostudy,.,44,SituationalApproach,.,45,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,46,Definition,SituationalApproachcombinesaudiowithlistening,stressedincertaincontextsauditoryperceptionandvisualperceptioncombined.来源于直接法和听说法，它是在听说法的基础上，利用视听结合手段而形成的一种教学法,强调在一定情境中听觉感知（录音）与视觉（图片影视）感知相结合。,.,47,SituationalLanguageTeaching,developedbyBritishappliedlinguistsinthe1930stothe1960s,.,48,Background,Inthe1950ssituationalapproachproducedinFrance.Alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofmassmediatools,foreignlanguageteachingwidelyusedbroadcast,movie,videotape,recordandsoon.Namelyusingmodernequipmentconnectlanguageandimagetosetupthedirectconnectionbetweenforeignlanguageandobjectivethings,combinedvisualperceptionandauditoryperception.,.,49,Itisbasedonbehaviouristcognitivetheory.,Theoreticalbase,.,50,1.Itcloselycombinestheforeignlanguagewiththesituations.Meaning,context,situationaregivenaprominentplace.2.Dialoguesineverydaylifesituationsarethecentreofteaching.3.Thepracticetechniquesconsistofguidedrepetitionandsubstitutionactivities.,Characteristics,.,51,movefromcontrolledtofreepracticeofstructures,fromoraluseofsentencepatternstoautomaticuseinspeech,readingandwriting.perception（感知）:constructpicture,prehension(理解):letstudentsgodeepintosituations,understandingthetextandcomprehendingtheemotion.practice(练习):Givestudentsarelatedtopicandaskthempracticeit.use(活用):Letstudentsuseitconsciouslyintheirdailylife.,Procedure,.,52,Advantages,Moderntechnologicalequipmentofsound,lightandelectricityhasbeenwidelyusedinteachingtomakeanorganiccombinationoflanguageandimage.Thelanguagematerialsarechosenandarrangedintermsofeverydaylifesituations,whichmeetthestudentsneedsofcommunication.Studentscanlearnstandardpronunciationandintonationnaturally.,.,53,Disadvantage,Itover-emphasizesthelanguageformandignoresthecultivationofcommunicativeability.Itover-stresstheintegratestructureandignorestheanalysisandexplanationoftheforeignlanguage.,.,54,CommunityLanguageLearning,.,55,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,56,Definition,CommunityLanguageLearningdrawsonthecounselingmetaphortoredefinetherolesoftheteacher(thecounselor)andlearners(theclients)inthelanguageclassroom.,.,57,Background,InfluencedbyCarlRogershumanisticpsychology,Curran,aspecialistincounselingandaprofessorofpsychologyatLoyolaUniversity,Chicago,foundthatadultsoftenfeelthreatenedbyanewlearningsituationorfearthattheywillappearfoolish.soitiscalledCounselingLearning.,.,58,Itisbasedonthetheoryofhumanismpsychologyandstudent-centerededucation.,Theoreticalbase,.,59,1.CommunityLanguageLearningadvisesteacherstotaketheirstudentsas“wholeperson.”2.Wholepersonlearningmeansthatteachersconsidernotonlythestudentsintellectbutalsotheirfeelings.3.Teachersbecome“languagecounselors”.Learninghappenedinaharmoniousenvironment.4.Nocompetition.NOpressure.5.Dependonmothertongue,thentransittotheforeignlanguage.,Characteristics,.,60,社团语言学习法的教学实例：步骤1:学生围坐成圈，教师在圈外等候学生的询问。步骤2:学生甲举手，问教师：我想知道英文如何说“我喜欢蓝色”。教师：Ilikeblue.学生甲复述“Ilikeblue”，录下学生甲的复述。步骤3:学生乙举手，问：怎么说“我不喜欢蓝色，我喜欢红色。”教师：Idontlikeblue.Ilikered.学生乙复述“Idontlikeblue.Ilikered.”，录下学生乙的复述。步骤4:其他学生重复以上步骤，录下一定数量的对话后，教师将对话抄在黑板上，以此为上课题材，讲解语言知识。,Procedure,.,61,Advantages,ArousestudentspositivityCultivatecollaborationspiritItbreaksupthetraditioninwhichteacheristhecenter,andstudentsrevealtheirmainfunction.,.,62,Disadvantages,Arbitrary/unsystematicImpairteachersguidancefunction,increaseteachersburdenLargelydependonteachersability,.,63,TotalPhysicalResponse,.,64,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,65,Definition,TPR(TotalPhysicalResponse)isakindoflanguageteachingmethodthatcombinelanguagewithactiontolearnalanguagethroughthebodymovement.,.,66,Background,ItisdevelopedbypsychologyprofessorJamesJ.AsheratSanJoseStateUniversity,Californiainthe1960s.,.,67,1.Psychology“memorytrace”(记忆痕迹）theory.Themoreoftenamemoryconnectionistraced,thestrongerthememorywillbe.2.Humanbrainhasabiologicalprogramusedtoacquireanynaturallanguageonearth.,Theoreticalbase,.,68,1.Listeningshoulddevelopbeforespeaking2.Studentsshoulddeveloptheirintellectbyphysicalresponsetolanguage.3.Teachersdontforcestudentstospeak.,Characteristics,.,69,1.Teachersspeakandact,studentsjustlistenandwatch2.Teacherspeak,studentsacttogetherwiththeteacher3.Teacherandthestudentsspeakandacttogether4.Teacherspeakwithoutact,studentsact5.Teacheractwithoutspeaking,studentspeak6.Check,Procedure,.,70,步骤1:教师在黑板上贴上有不同动物的彩色卡片；步骤2:教师边说“Pointtothelittledog.”边指出卡片上的小狗。学生只听不做。步骤3:教师再说“Pointtothegoldenfish.”并指出卡片上画的金鱼。学生仍旧只听不做。步骤4:重复以上步骤，教其他动物名称。步骤5:教师示范多遍后，教师发命令，学生做动作。步骤6:教师可以适当变换方式，比如唱歌做动作等。（学生的理解力达到一定程度后，可以让学生自己下命令，自己做动作。）,.,71,Advantages,1.Itisfunandeasy.2.Itisgoodforlearnerswhoneedtobeactiveintheclass.3.Attractstudentstotakepartintheenvironmentandremovetheirnervous.4.Itismemorable.Actionshelpstrengthentheconnectionsinthebrain.,.,72,Disadvantages,1.Abstractwordsandsentencescannotbeexplainedeasily2.Accuracyisnotfocused3.Onlysuitableforyoungstudents4.Itcanbeachallengeforshystudents.,.,73,TheSilentWay,.,74,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,75,Definition,CreatedbyCalebGattegno,SilentWayisbasedonthepremisethattheteachershouldbeassilentaspossibleintheclassroominordertoencouragethelearnertoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.Theobjectiveisforstudentstoworkasautonomouslanguagelearners.,.,76,Background,1.CalebGattegnofoundedTheSilentWayasamethodforlanguagelearningintheearly70s,sharingmanyofthesameessentialprinciplesasthecognitivecodeandmakinggooduseofthetheoriesunderlyingdiscoverylearning.2.Basicprinciple:Teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning.Teachingistoservelearningprocessratherthantodominateit.,.,77,DiscoverratherthanremembersorrepeatAidedbyphysicalobjectsProblem-solvingfocused,Theoreticalbase,.,78,Themostprominentcharacteristicofthemethodwasthattheteachertypicallystayedsilentmostofthetime,aspartofhis/herroleasfacilitatorandstimulator.,Characteristics,.,79,TeachingProcedure,Teachermodelsaword,phrase,orsentenceandthenelicitslearnerresponses.Learnersthengoontocreatetheirownutterancesbyputtingtogetheroldandnewinformation.Charts,rods,andotheraidsmaybeusedtoelicitlearnerresponses.Teachermodelingisminimal,althoughmuchoftheactivitymaybeteacherdirected.,.,80,Advantages,respecttheindividualandanawarenessoftheindividualsextraordinarycognitivepowers2.Itencourageslearnersbothtolistenmorecarefullyandthentoexperimentwiththeirownproductionoftheutterance.,.,81,Disadvantages,Highdemandforteachers2.Lackofrealcommunicationintheapproach,withonlyhighlymotivatedlearnersbeingabletogeneraterealcommunication.,.,82,Suggestopedia,.,83,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,84,Definition,Suggestopediaisateachingmethodwhichisbasedonamodernunderstandingofhowthehumanbrainworksandhowwelearnmosteffectively.,.,85,Background,保加利亚心理治疗学家罗萨诺夫（G。Losanov）根据心理治疗的一些原则提出了这一外语教学法（1978）。它的基本观点是，外语学习是有意识学习与无意识学习结合的过程，必须排除各种心理障碍，特别是消除焦虑、紧张和烦躁等情绪。因此，学生进入课堂时，周围的环境应十分和谐：有令人愉快的图画和音乐相伴。教师注意使自己的态度和语言亲切，以便学生上课时进入最佳的思维与心理状态。罗萨诺夫认为，正是在这种轻松愉快的气氛和无意识之中学生能发挥最大的学习潜力。,.,86,Languagelearningneedsinvolvingtothewholepersoninthelearningprocess:boththeconsciousandtheunconsciousself.Forthistotakeplace,arelaxing,co-operativeatmosphereisnecessary.,Theoreticalbase,.,87,1.Comfortableenvironment2.Theuseofmusic3.FreeErrors4.Homeworkislimited,Characteristics,.,88,Teachingprocess,1.Presentation2.Concert3.Practice,.,89,Advantages,1.LearningEnvironment:relaxed2.Thinkinghighlyofstudentsfeeling3.Arousingstudentsinterestsandpotentialtomemorize4.Theemphasisofinteraction5.Thetreatmentstostudentsmistakes,.,90,Disadvantages,1.limitedbythecurriculum,studentsmotivation,financiallimitation,numberofstudents,etc.2.它要求学生有较强的自觉性，如使用不当，容易产生学生自流或语言基础知识掌握不牢固的后果。,.,91,CommunicativeLanguageTeaching,.,92,1.Definition2.Background3.Theory4.Theprincipalcharacteristics5.Teachingprocedure6.Advantagesanddisadvantages,.,93,Definition,CLTisonepossiblesolutiontobridgethegapbetweenclassroomlanguageteachingandreal-lifelanguageuse.ThegoalofCLTistodevelopstudentscommunicativecompetence.Itincludesboththeknowledgeaboutthelanguageandtheknowledgeabouthowtousethelanguageappropriatelyincommunicativesituations.,.,94,Background,1.Inthelate1960s,thecurrentsituationalapproachwasquestioned.2.Duringthe1970s,someBritishappliedlinguistsemphasizedthefunctionalandcommunicativepotentialoflanguage.3.Wilkinsdescribedtwotypesofmeaning,thenotionalcategoriesandcategoriesofcommunicativefunctions.,.,95,Theory,InternationalViewConstructivistTheory,.,96,交际法也叫功能法(FunctionalApproach)或意念法(NotionalApproach)交际法是70年代根据语言学家海姆斯(Hymes)和韩礼德(Halliday)的理论形成交际学派认为：语言教学的目的是培养学生使用目的语进行交际的能力，语言教学的内容不仅要包括语言结构，还要包括表达各种意念和功能的常用语句。交际法重视培养学生的语言能力，采用真实、地道的语言材料，主张句型加情景来学习语言，鼓励学生多多接触和使用外语。,.,97,Characteristics,Theroleoftheteacher(facilitator,manager,advisor)Theroleofthelearner(negotiator,communicator,contributor,independent)CharacterizeoftheCommunicativeApproach(Emphasisonlearningtocommunicativeinthetargetlanguage,theintroductionofauthentictextsintoleaningprocessitself,makinguseoflearnersownpersonalexperiences),.,98,Featuresofcommunicativeactivities(informationgap,choiceofformandcontent,feedbackofanycommunicativeinformation)Classroomenvironment(cooperationandempathy,learner-centered,toleranceoferrors,workinginsmallgroups),.,99,Languageuseinreallifevs.traditionalpedagogy,.,100,Communicationprinciple:Activitiesthatinvolverealcommunicationpromotelearning.Taskprinciple:Activitiesinwhichlanguageisusedforcarryingoutmeaningfultaskspromotelearning.Meaningfulnessprinciple:languagethatismeaningfultothelearnersupportsthelearningprocess.,PrinciplesofCLT,.,101,Communicativecompetence(Hedge),linguisticcompetencepragmaticcompetencediscoursecompetencestrategiccompetencefluency,.,102,.,103,Communicativeactivities,Littlewood(1981):Functionalcommunicativeac