英语语法--非限定动词

.,1,非谓语动词,.,2,非谓语动词也叫非限定性动词，即它的形式不受主语人称和数的限制，不能作谓语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。,.,3,动词不定式,动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,动词不定式的句法作用法,可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语,状语和补语。,1、作主语,Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant.Nottosmokewilldoyoualotofgood.,.,4,2、作宾语,Idontexpecttomeetyouhere.,Ihopetohearfromyousoon.,有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如want,decide,learn,pretend,hope,expect,refuse,manage,long,promise,offer,hate等。,.,5,5.作状语。不定式作状语可以表示目的,结果,原因等.如目的:Hecometosee.Hewenttothesupermarkettobuyapen.结果:Shewokeuptofindherselfinbed.Hereturnedhometofindhiswifehaddied原因:Imgladtomeetyou.Sheseemssurprisedtomeetme.,.,6,有些动词如allow,advise,ask,beg,believe,call,enable,get,have,invite,let,make,order,notice,teach,tell等后边常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。,6作补语TheteacherallowedmetofinishmyhomeworkonFriday.Iinvitedhimtocomehere.,.,7,有些动词如consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose,discover,imagine,find等也可跟“宾语+tobe”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：,Wefoundhim(tobe)dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。Weallknowhimtobedead.我们都以为他死了。,.,8,动词不定式复合结构的用法,1、作主语，常用it作形式主语。,ItsdifficultforyoutostudyEnglish.,Itsniceofyoutohelpme.,2.在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，由it作形式宾语。,.,9,3、作表语,Herwishistobecomeadoctorinthefuture.,Tothedoctor,themostimportantthingistosavelives.,4、作定语，放在被修饰词的后面。,Doyouhaveanythingtosay?,Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.,.,10,当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。,Ifinditdifficulttobelievehim.,Ifeelitrighttotellherthetruth.,.,11,注意事项：,1）当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系时（即为逻辑宾语），不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉。,Atlastwefoundaroomtolivein.Ihaventgotachairtositon.Ihaveapentowritewith.,.,12,2）不定式作定语，与靠近的名词或代词有逻辑的动宾关系，但其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般用主动语态。,Ihavemuchworktodo,Wefoundthebookdifficulttounderstand.,如果句子找不出上述逻辑主语，或不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，则一般用被动语态。,Herbossgotalotofletterstobetyped.(不是老板自己打，而是别人打),“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashedtoday”,.,13,不定式to的省略1)由all，what等引导的主语从句或者主语被only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有是实意动词do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。AllIdidwasemptythebottle.我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。WhatIwantedtodowasdriveallnight.我想做的是彻夜开车。TheonlythingIcoulddowasdoitmyself。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。,.,14,2)but,except(除之外)后接不定式时，如果它们前面有谓语动词do,便可省略to.反之则不能省略.如Hehasnoalternativebuttogotoseehim.LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Thereisnothinghecoulddobutplayalldaylong。,.,15,3)在make（使）,let（让）,have（使，叫）等使役动词后；在see（看）,watch（观看）,lookat（看）,observe（观察，看见）,perceive（看见）,feel（感觉）,hear（听）,listento（听.）,notice（发现，注意）等表示感官的动词等后面省去动词不定式符号“to”。但如果句子变成被动时,则不能省.如:ImakehimteachmeEnglish.HeismadetoteachmeEnglish,.,16,4)Wouldrather宁愿wouldsoonerWouldyouplease请您hadbetter最好Ratherthan而不是hadrather宁愿cannotbut不得不canthelpbut不得不mayaswell不妨,最好等习惯用法中,省略to如Iwouldratherstayathome.Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindow?Marycouldnotbut/couldnthelpbutlietoherparents.,.,17,5)由并列连词and，but,than,or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。Idliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.Shetoldustostayathomeandwaittillshecameback.注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。Hehasntdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.他还没有决定是去还是留。Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。,.,18,6)7以Why或Whynot开头表请求的结构中常跟上动词原形,省略to。Whynotgooutforawalk?,.,19,动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。,动词不定式的时态和语态,.,20,1）一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。,Isawhimclimbupthetree.,Wehopetobuildupamodernlaboratory.,2）进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。,Shewasfoundtobeteachingthepupilstomakemodelplanes.,.,21,3）完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,Iamsorrytohaveinterruptyoujustnow.,4）完成进行式：不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行。,Heissaidtohavebeenworkinginthisfactoryformorethantwentyyears.,.,22,1.Thiscompanywasthefirst_portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.produced2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,_itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomake3.Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard,.,23,4.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told5.Theteacheraskedus_somuchnoise.A.dontmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake,.,24,10.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed_myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinished11.Iamsorry_writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothaving12.Willyoulendhimamagazine_?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.heread13.Hecoulddonothingbut_forthebus_.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came14.Itisaproblemthatdoesntneed_rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolving,.,25,15.TheresamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade16.Iremember_him_thebikeneeded_.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired17.-Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.-Imeant_,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldntfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingso18.Robertissaidto_abroad,butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying,.,26,6.Idratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharing7.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbed8.Anumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved_inafire.A.beingdestroyedB.havingbeendestroyedC.tobedestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyed9.Themeeting_nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace,.,27,19.At_timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy_agoodrest.A.no,totakeB.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking20.Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled,.,28,21.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch22.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold,.,29,23.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho_forthespoiledchild.A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamedD.shouldblame24.Muchattentionshouldbepaid_peopleslivingconditions.A.inimprovingB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimproving,.,30,25.Myfamilyconsiders_acomputer,whichisconsidered_agreathelpinourworkandstudy.A.tobuy;tobeB.buying;beingC.tobuy;beingD.buying;tobe,.,31,26.-Willyouhaveanybody_theflowers?-Yes,Illhavetheflowers_.A.plant,plantedB.toplant,plantedC.plant;tobeplantedD.toplant,plant27.Theyarelookingforwardwithhope_fromyousoon.A.tohearingB.ofhearingC.hearingD.tohear28.Busytranslatingabook,hecouldnthelpbut_thearticle.A.writeB.writingC.wroteD.written,.,32,29.Ifeelitanhonour_tospeakhere.A.tobeaskedB.toaskC.havingaskedD.asked30.thereisnothingtodoexpect_tillitstopssnowingA.towaitB.waitingC.waitD.waits,.,33,动名词,动名词是又一种非谓语动词，由原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。但动名词具有名词的绝大多数特征,主要起名词作用在句中发挥主语,定语,表语和宾语的功能.动名词又保留了一些动词的特征：可以带宾语或表语；可由状语修饰；有时态和语态的变化。,.,34,动名词的句法作用,动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。,1作主语,Readingnewspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.,.,35,当动名词短语作主语时，有时可以用形式it代替，it放在句首而把实际主语放在句末，但大多限于以下情况Itisnouse/nogooddoingsthItisnousetellingmenottoworry.2)Thereisnouse/nogood/nopoint(in)doingsth.Thereisnopoint(in)arguinganymore.3)Thereisnodoingsth.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.,.,36,3.作定语只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。,Thereisaswimmingpoolinthebackyard.,Wecanimproveourteachingmethod.,4、作宾语,2.作表语,Yourmaintaskislearning,.,37,(1)在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：admit,advise,advocate,appreciate,avoid,consider,confess,defer,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,envy,fancy,favor,finish,forbid,grudge,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,mention,pardon,permit,practice,prevent,quit,resist,risk,resume,stand,stop,suggest,understand等。例如：,Inhersparetimesheenjoysreadingnovels.,Icantfinishdoingthisjobtoday.,.,38,注：在动词advise,allow,forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,Wedontallowfishinghere.我们不准在这儿钓鱼。,Wedontallowpeopletofishhere.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,(2)用在动词deserve,need,demand,require,want等后面表示被动意义（不需用动名词的被动形式），或者用不定式的被动式也可表达同样意义。例如：,.,39,Theproblemneedsdiscussingcarefully.(or:Theproblemneedstobediscussedcarefully.),Thehousewantsrepairing.,(3)在动词remember,forget,regret,stop,try,mean,like后可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同。,.,40,a)remember后跟动名词表示“记得曾做过某事”；后跟不定式表示“要记住去做某事”。例如,Irememberedgivingyouthebookthismorning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。Youmustremembertogiveherthebooktomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。,.,41,b)forget后跟动名词标号司“做过某事而忘记了”；后跟不定式表示“忘记了而不曾做某事”。例如：,IforgotseeinghimonceinShanghai.我忘记了曾经在上海看见过他一次。Iforgottotellhimthegoodnews.我忘记了（而不曾）告诉他这个好消息。,c)regret后跟动名词表示对已做过的事情后悔；后跟不定式表示对现在正在做或要去做的事情后悔。例如：,.,42,Idontregrettellingyouthetruth.我不后悔给你讲实话。（已发生的事）,IregrettosaythatMr.Johnwillleaveus.我很遗憾地说约翰先生将离开我们了。（将要发生）,d)stop后跟动名词表示“停止干某事”；后跟不定式表示“停下来去赶某事”。,Stoptalking!别说话了。Letsstoptohaveameeting.让我们停下来开个会,.,43,e)try后跟动名词表示“试着做某事”；后跟不定式表示“尽力做某事”，表示设法去做一件事。例如：,Theboytriedtoreadthetextbetter.这个男孩尽量努力读好课文。Theboytriedreadingthetextaloud.这个男孩试着朗读课文。,f)mean后跟动名词表示意味着，意思是；后跟不定式表示打算，想要。,.,44,Itmeanssayingthatheisright.这就是说他是正确的。,Wemeantoaccomplishthetask,onewayoranother.不管怎样我们决意要完成这项任务。,g)动词“like,love,hate,prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在should,would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：,Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。,.,45,Whatwouldyouliketoeattonight?你今晚上想吃什么？,h)goondoing与goontodo,ShewentonwritingthecompositioninEnglish.(继续做同一件事),ShewentontowritethecompositioninEnglish.(放下原来的事情，转而写作文),.,46,(4)在后跟介词的短语动词后要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有：approveof,becapableof,beobjectedto,beusedto,befondof,beaccustomedto,beproudof,getthrough,goon,giveup,insiston,keepon,succeedin,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto,thinkof,putoff及canthelp等。例如：,IamusedtolockingthedoorbeforeIleave.,IamproudofbeingChinese.,.,47,(7)当“have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名difficulty,trouble,prpblem,fun,ahardtime等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如：,hehasdifficulty(in)speakingEnglish?,.,48,动名词的时态和语态,动名词保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态变化，但只有一般式与完成式两种形式，,.,49,(1)一般式：动名词一般式表示的动作与句中动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生，在某些表示时间先后的动词和介词on,upon,after后，则动名词表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：,Sheinsistedonmystayingthereaweeklonger.Wehurriedtothestoponseeingthebuscomenear.,.,50,(5)在介词后要求用动名词作宾语。例如：,Hewentawaywithouttellingme.,(6)在形容词busy,worth,like等后面要求用动名词，可视为复合谓语的宾语。like多用于feellike这一词组中。例如：,Thereisnothingworthmentioning.,Doyoufeellikehavinganothercupoftea?,.,51,(2)完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如,Hewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohissociety.,(3)被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：,Afterhavingbeeninterviewed,hewasoffedajob.,.,52,1.作主语,Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Thegirlsbeingeducatedinthatfamousuniversitywaswhatherparentsexpected.Themansspeakingloudlyaffectedthepeoplearoundhim.,.,53,2.作宾语,Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor?,3.作介词宾语,Wearelookingforwardtomotherscomingback.,4.作表语,Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonthem.,.,54,动名词复合结构,由动名词的逻辑主语即物主代词或名词所有格+动名词短语构成动名词复合结构，在句中作主语或宾语等，逻辑主语与动名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。,.,55,6.Mybrotherkeeps_mewithmywork.A.tohelpB.helpC.helpingD.helped7.Weshouldoftenpractise_Englishwitheachother.A.tospeakB.spokeC.speakD.speaking8.Keepon_andyouwillsucceed.A.atryB.tryC.triingD.trying9.Hisparentsinsiston_tocollege.A.heshouldgoB.hegoC.hisgoingD.himtogo10.Thestorywassofunnythatwe_.A.couldnthelplaughB.cantbutlaughC.couldnthelplaughingD.couldnthelpbuttolaugh,.,56,1.Ittooktheworkmenonlytwohourstofinish_mycar.ArepairingBrepairCtorepairDrepaired2.Itsnogood_oversplitmilk.A.tocryB.cryingC.criedD.cry3.Haveyouforgotten_$1000frommelastmonth?Willyoupleaseremember_ittomorrow?A.borrowing;tobringB.toborrow;bringC.borrowed;bringingD.borrowing;bringing4.Theclassroomwants_.A.cleanB.cleanedC.tocleanD.cleaning5.Jacksaidthathewouldntmind_forus.A.towaitB.waitC.waitingD.waited,.,57,16Onlyoneofthesebooksis_.A.worthtoreadB.worthbeingreadC.worthofreadingD.worthreading17Wearebothlookingforwardto_nextweek.A.goingonvacationB.goonvacationC.begoingonvacationD.havegoneonvacation18Hehadnodifficulty_theproblems.A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohaveworkedoutD.toworkout,.,58,分词,分词是另一种非谓语动词，有现在分词与过去分词两种。现在分词有原形动词加ing构成；规则动词的过去分词有原形动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则，需分别记忆。,分词或分词短语具有形容词或副词的性质，因而在句中可作定语、表语，状语和补足语。在分词前加上not则构成分词的否定式。,.,59,11.Whatabout_totheconcertwithus?A.wegoB.wegoingC.goingD.togo12._cleanisasafeguardagainstdisease.A.TobekeepingB.KeptC.KeepD.Keeping13.Seeingis_.A.tobelieveB.believingC.believedD.beingbelieved14-WhatsmadeRuthsoupset?-_threeticketstothefolkmusicconcert.A.LostB.LosingC.BecauseoflosingD.Sinceshelost15Dontforget_thisbooktoJohnwhenyouseehim.A.toreturnB.returningC.returnD.toreturning,.,60,分词的句法作用,1.作定语,单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词前，但有时也可放在名词后；分词短语作定语必须放在被修饰的名词后，但由“副词+分词”构成的短语则放在它所修饰的名词前。如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的发出者，则用现在分词作定语；如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的承受者，则用过去分词作定语。例如：,.,61,Thequestiondiscussedatthemeetingisquiteconfidential.会上所讨论的问题是十分机密的。,Thequestionbeingdiscussedatthemeetingisquiteconfidential.会上正在讨论的问题是十分机密的。,Thequestiontobediscussedatthemeetingisquiteconfidential.会上要讨论的问题是十分机密的。,.,62,2）注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。例如：flyingfish飞鱼arunningdog走狗afallingtide落潮acryingboy哭着的孩子,比较：teachingmethodswimmingpool,.,63,2.作宾语补足语,现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，宾语是动作发发出者；过去分词做宾语补足语具有被动意义，宾语是动作的承受者。可带宾语补足语的常用动词有see,watch,hear,find,notice,leave,smell,have,get,make等。要特别注意，在由“have,get,see+直接宾语+过去分词”的句型中，表达的动作不是由主语所指的人做的，而是由别人做的。例如：,Myhairistoolong.Iamgoingtohaveitcut.我头发太长了，我要去（请人）理发。,.,64,ThewomanteachergivingusorallessonsisfromAmerica.,Didyouseethemantalking(=whowastalking)totheheadmaster?,thebookwrittenbyLuXun,注：1）分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动，进行之意，过去分词表示被动与完成，而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：,.,65,Hewasfoundstandingatthecornerofthatstreet.,4.作状语,分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when,while,as,once,until,if”等连接词。例如：,Walkingalongthestreet,wefoundapurselyingontheground.,.,66,Beingverytired,hefellasleepimmediately.,PraisedbytheteacherofEnglish,hehasworkedevenharderatEnglishthanever.,Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.,注意分词及其逻辑主语（即主句主语）的一致性。逻辑主语应为现在分词表示的动作的发出者或为过去分词表示动作的承受者，不能说：Lookingoutofthewindow,acarisrunning.,.,67,5、作表语,现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征；过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，要特别注意区分下述常用现在分词与过去分词。如,amazing(令人惊异的)amazed（感到惊讶）exciting（令人激动）excited（感到激动）interesting（有趣的）interested（感兴趣）surprising（令人惊异的）surprised（感到惊异）boring（令人厌烦的）bored（感到厌烦）inspiring（令人鼓舞的）inspired（受鼓舞）moving（令人感动的）moved（受感动）discouraging（令人沮丧的）discouraged（感到沮丧）,.,68,Heheardthebel