英语教学法 直接法 direct method

.,1,.,2,.,3,Background,1.Inthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofcapitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreasinglycommunicatedwitheachother.Itcreatedademandfororalproficiencyinforeignlanguages.2.Therapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducation.3.AndtheGrammarTranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.TheReformMovementhasbegan.TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationwasfoundedanditsInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)wasdesigned.,.,4,4.Thebestknownreformerinthemid-19thcenturywasaFrenchmannamedE.Gouin.Hedevelopedanapproachtoteachingaforeignlanguagebasedonhisobservationsofchildrensuseoflanguage.5.WilhelmVitor,aGermanyscholarLanguageTeachingMustStartAfreshSpeechpatternsInHenrySweetsbookThePracticalStudyofLanguages(1899),hesetforthprinciplesforthedevelopmentofteachingmethod,whichsystematicallydiscussedaboutTheDirectMethod.,.,5,ItwasestablishedinGermanyandFranceitthelate1800sandcontrastswiththeGrammarTranslationMethodandothertraditionalapproaches.ItbecamewidelyknowninAmericathroughitsusebySauveurandBerlitzinsuccessfulcommerciallanguageschool.Itfadedintheearly1900s.,.,6,Principles,1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupinacarefullygradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestion-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmall,intensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.,.,7,5.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.6.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,andpictures;abstractvocabularywastaughtbyassociationofideas.7.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught.8.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.,.,8,Mainactivities,1.Directassociation(newlanguageitems)2.Questionandanswerexercise.(askingquestionsintargetlanguageandhavingstudentsanswerinfullsentences)3.Errorcorrection(studentsareallowedtocorrecttheirmistakesbytheteacherorthemselves.),.,9,4.Inductiveteachingofgrammar5.Conversationpractice(studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructuretheyhavepracticed.)6.Dictation(Itisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.),.,10,Comment,Advantages1.TheDirectmethodofferedinnovationsatthelevelofteachingprocedures.2.TheDirectmethodwasquitesuccessfulinprivatelanguageschools,suchasthoseoftheBerlitzchain,wherepayingclientshadhighmotivationandtheuseofnative-speakingteacherswasthenorm.3.Formingthehabitofspeakingandthinkingintargetlanguageandimprovingstudentsautomaticityinusingthetargetlanguage.Solanguagesenseisbuiltup.,.,11,4.Thismethodisbasedonfullofactivities,soitisveryinteresting,excitingforstudents.5.Payingmoreattentiontospeakingandlistening,whichisveryusefulineverydaylife.Anditmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficient.,.,12,Disadvantages,1.TheDirectMethodwasdifficulttoimplementinpublicsecondaryschooleducation.restrictedtime;thelimitedskillsofteachers;andtheperceivedirrelevanceofconversationskillsinaforeignlanguagefortheaverageAmericancollegestudent.2.Itoveremphasizedanddistortedthesimilaritiesbetweennaturalisticfirstlanguagelearningandclassroomforeignlanguagelearning.3.Itlackedarigorousbasisinappliedlinguistictheoryandathoroughmethodologicalbasis.,.,13,4.Itunderestimatedtheroleofnativelanguage.Anditmaybeverytime