考博英语阅读理解讲义1.ppt

博士研究生入学考试,阅读理解1,试卷分析,一.体裁与题材,二.考点,三.阅读量,四.预测,阅读量在1500-2000词之间；体裁以说明文、议论文为主；题材兼顾文理，突出学术性和时代性；全面考核各项阅读技能。,阅读速度,一.阅读习惯,避免朗读/默读（在文字符号和意义之间加入声音。）避免指向阅读（手指或笔指着一个个单词阅读。阅读速度受制于手或笔的移动。）避免回视重读（因为担心遗漏细节、要点内容，或阅读材料超出知识阅读理解范围而重读已读过的部分。）,一.阅读习惯,以意群为单位：搭配/短语/分句平视:焦点居中，余光覆盖两侧扫描:目光向下移动扫描,一.阅读习惯,E.g.Somepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoaround.Somepersonssay.Thatlovemakes.Theworldgoaround.,二.时间分配,60分钟12-15m/p：2minSkim2minScan6minStudy2minStudy,Step1:Skim,1.先看题再通读文章？2.先通读文章再看题？强力推荐：先通读文章后看问题再回原文找答案！,Step1:Skim,先读问题往往浪费时间，因为很多问题没有参考价值！Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?,Step1:Skim,2.先略读，是为了把握文章的主旋律，不犯路线错误！很多事实/细节题的错误选项看上去很有道理，但就是偏离了文章的主旨！不管什么题目，正确的答案必须符合文章的主旨！,Step1:Skim,通读采用略读或概读法进行速读，即“skim”（readquicklytogetthemainidea）。考生在最短的时间内要达到以下目的：（1）理解短文主旨大意。（2）辩识文体，掌握结构。说明文/议论文要了解其中心思想及其所做的阐述。记叙文要了解故事背景、时间、地点、人物活动等主要线索。,Step1:Skim,Passage:thesissentenceIntroductionBodyConclusionParagraph:topicsentence*演绎法（deductivemethod）指的是由观点到例子及论据，所以主题句在该段话的第一句。70%左右的段落使用deductivemethod写的，而且其中绝大部分主题句在第一句。*归纳法（Inductivemethod）是指由例子及论据到观点，所以主题句在该段的最后一句。,Step1:Skim,首尾句太长则读主干。这些信息略去不读：同位语和较长的后置定语（如人物身份，句子中间的非限制性定语从句），很长的专有名词（如机构名称）等。,Example1：Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeoplesParkthatwereoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofwhatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.,Thebesttitleforthepassageis_.,A.The1989SanFranciscoEarthquakeandthe1992LosAngelesRiotsB.HowMediaCoverEventsC.The1992LosAngelesRiotsD.TheImpactofMediaonCurrentEvents,Example2：TheunprecedentedexpansionofModernarchitecturethroughouttheworldmustbeconsideredoneofthegreateventsinthehistoryofart.Withinthespaceofthelastgeneration,thecontemporarymovementhasbecomethedominantstyleofseriousbuildingnotonlyintheUnitedStatesandEurope,wherepioneershadbeenatworksincethelatenineteenthcentury,butalsoinnationssuchasBrazilandIndia,wherealmostnoModernarchitectureexisteduntilmuchlater.Onlythegothicperhaps,amongallthestylesofthepast,gainedpopularacceptancewithanythinglikethespeedoftheModern.AndliketheGothicwhichrequiredafullseventy-fiveyearsofexperimentationbeforeitproducedthecathedralofCharterstheModernhascontinuallyimproveditsstructuraltechniques,gainedinscale,andreviseditsaestheticsasithasattemptedtomeetthefullrangeofpeoplescivilizedneeds.,Themainideaoftheparagraphis_.,A.GothicarchitecturegainedpopularacceptancefasterthanModernarchitecturedid.B.Modernarchitecturehasnotchangedfastenoughtomeettheneedsofcivilization.C.TherapidgrowthanddevelopmentofModernarchitecture(asanartform)isnearlyunequaledinthehistoryofart.D.Ifarchitecturalstylesaretoendure,theymustdevelopandimproveinanattempttomeetsocietysneeds.,Step2:Scan,查读法又称寻读法，查读是为寻找文章中某一特定或具体信息而进行的阅读。通过查读迅速获得细节性的信息以回答具体的问题。解题方法：无须阅读全文，只须根据问题，跳跃式浏览找到所需信息即可。,Example1：,1.WhendidtheSevenYearsWarend?(In_)2.HowbigwastheFrenchpopulationattheendofthiswar?(About_)3.Whatlawwaspassedin1774?(_)4.WhichlawisthebasisofQuebecscriminallaw,EnglishlaworFrenchlaw?(_),ThewarwhichforcedFrancetogiveupallherclaimsinCanadastartedin1756.Thiswar,knownastheSevenYearsWar,endedwiththesigningoftheTreatyofParisin1763.Bythistreaty,EnglandwasrecognizedastheonlycolonizingpowerofallofNorthAmericaeastoftheMississippi.TheFrenchpopulation,whichnumberedaroundeightythousandatthispoint,nowallcameunderBritishrule.InordertowintheconfidenceandgaintheloyaltyoftheFrenchsettlersinCanada,theBritishgovernmentpassedtheQuebecActin1774.ByrecognizingtheCatholicChurch,theQuebecActassuredthesettlersofreligiousfreedom.ItalsosatisfiedthesettlersbyretainingFrenchcivillawforallcivilcases.However,Englishcriminallawwasintroducedforallcriminalcases.ThiscontinuestobethebasisofthelawintheprovinceofQuebec,whereasthelawintherestofCanadaisbasedsolelyontheEnglishsystem.,Example2：,Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis_.A.globalinflation.B.reductioninsupply.C.fastgrowthineconomy.D.Iraqssuspensionofexports.,Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?,Step3:Study,研读的目的是彻底理解文章的全部内容，了解各个细节，领悟作者的态度和观点。如果发现答案所在的句子或段落含义深奥、句式复杂，不弄清句子结构、句与句之间的逻辑关系就无法做题，就必须运用这种方法。研读法是提高答题准确率的一个必要手段，考生在解答推理判断题、作者态度题、词语释义题和排除题（是非题）时可用研读法。,Example1：,Whetherthestudyofthelunarrockswillanswerthelongdebatedquestionoftheoriginofthemoonremainstobeseen.A.Thespeakerwantstoremainbehindtoseewhetherthestudywillthrowlightonthequestion.B.Thespeakerfeelsthatthestudywillprobablyanswerthequestion.C.Thespeakerissurethatthestudywillproduceananswertothequestion.D.Thespeakerisnotsurewhetherthestudywillanswerthequestionornot.,Example2：,Atfirsteverythingwentwellwiththeprojectbutrecentlyproblemskeptcroppingup.A.Atfirstthequalityoftheprojectwassatisfactorybutrecentlyitsqualitykeptdeclining.B.Theprojectproceededsmoothlyatfirstbutlatelyunexpectedproblemscontinuallymadetheirappearance.C.Atfirsttheoperationoftheprojectwentonsmoothly,butlatelysomethingwentwrongwithitsoperation.D.Atfirsttheprojectwasthoughttobesatisfactory,butrecentlypeoplefoundthattherewereactuallylotsofproblemswiththeproject.,Example3：,Thereisaquestionabouttheextenttowhichanyoneofuscanbefreeofaprejudicedviewintheareaofreligion.a.Probablyeveryoneisprejudicedinhisviewsonreligionb.Anyoneofuscanbefreeofprejudiceintheareaofreligion.c.Tosomeextentwecanneverbefreeofprejudiceintheareaofreligion.d.Aprejudicedviewintheareaofreligionisundesirable.e.Becausewecantbefreeofprejudiceintheareaofreligion,weshouldnotpracticeareligion.,Example4：,Taxesbeingsohigh,thedescendentsofthewealthyclassofthenineteenthcenturyarebeingforcedtorentouttheirestatestopayingguests.a.Inthenineteenthcentury,thewealthyclassrentedoutitsestates.b.Becauseofhightaxes,familiesthatwererichonehundredyearsagonowrentouttheirestates.c.Guestspayhightaxeswhentheyrentoldestates.d.Somefamiliesthatwereoncewealthyarehavingtroublepayingtheirtaxes.e.Hightaxeshavechangedthelivesofsomeoftheoldwealthyfamilies.,Example5：,Afavoritedefinitionofjokinghaslongbeentheabilitytofindsimilaritybetweendissimilarthingsthatis,hiddensimilarities.a.Jokingistheabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthings.b.Ittakesalongtimetodeveloptheabilitytotellgoodjokes.c.Thisdefinitionofjokingisanewoneinliterarytheory.d.Manypeopledefinejokingastheabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthings.e.Theauthoragreeswiththisdefinition.,Processofreading,SkimScanStudyStudyExample:Passage1,Test2007,阅读技巧,一.主旨题skim,Topicsentences：要掌握大意必须能识别主题句（全文的和每段的），各段落中的大部分观点和细节都支持的中心意思即段落主题，大部分段落所支持的观点即文章主题。Structure：始终边读边构造文章的框架，不时总结体会作者的意图,抛开不重要的细节,紧抓主要观点。Signals：过渡性词语，引出相反或相同的观点。,Example1：,Thesnowwasfallingveryheavily.Theskywasverycloudy.Thewindwasblowingveryhardabout45milesperhour.Itwas-18degreesoutside.Itwashardtoseeobjectsonlyafewfeetinfrontofyou.Q:Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestexpressthemainideaoftheparagraph?A.Itscoldoutside.B.Itswintertime.C.Theweatherwaschangeable.D.Theweatherwasterrible.,主旨题之干扰项：,无关信息（找不到语言依据的信息）以偏概全（使用段落主旨干扰）范围过大（联想太宽）,Moreexamples:,Test2007:Passage3,Question9Passage4,Question13Test2006:Passage3,Question9Passage4,Question16,二.观点/态度题skim,positive（积极），negative（消极）；optimistic（乐观），pessimistic（悲观）；objective/factual（客观），subjective（主观）；biased/partial/prejudiced（有偏见），impartial（公正），neutral（中立），doubtful/suspicious（怀疑），critical（批判），indifferent（漠然），concerned（关心），emotional（激动），ironic/sarcastic（讽刺），cynical（愤世嫉俗），etc.,二.观点/态度题skim,Structure/Signal：不同观点之间的关系；Wordchoice：词语选择所体现出来的褒贬与感情色彩。,Example1：,Directions:DecidewhetherornoteachofthefollowingstatementsapprovesofthebookwrittenbyProfessorBaker.ProfessorBakerspublisherhasstatedthatthisnewbookwillsoontaketheplaceofalltheoldstandardworksinthisfield;inview,however,ofboththestyleandcontentofProfessorBakersbook,Ifindthisclaimmostdifficulttoaccept.,Example1:,Directions:DecidewhetherornoteachofthefollowingstatementsapprovesofthebookwrittenbyProfessorBaker.WhenIfirstopenedthepackagecontainingacopyofProfessorBakerslatestbookandreaditstitle.ImustadmitIfeltasuddensinkingoftheheart;yetonceIhadgatheredcouragetobeginmyreading,IfoundtheworksofarbeyondmywildesthopesthatIactuallymissedsupperratherthanputthevolumedownunfinished.,Example2:,Directions:Decidewhichofthefollowingstatementswaswrittenbyapersoninfavorofsmalltownlife.Itistruethatcitydwellersandsuburbanitescanenjoycertainfacilitiesthatmaybedeniedtotheinhabitantsofsmalltowns.Whattheymiss,howeverfaroutweighsuchadvantages,which,inanycase,thevastmajorityrarelyhasthetimeorenergytotakeadvantageof.,Example2:,Possiblytherearethosewhoderivepleasurefromturningbacktheclockandseekingoutthevirtueswefondlyimaginetohavebeenassociatedwithlifeinsmall