语言学 chapter 1.ppt

Linguistics英11本一1103210121李春瑶,chapter1,InvitationstoLinguistics,Somemythsaboutlanguage:1.Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.2.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.3.Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.4.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.5.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.,1.1whystudylanguage?,3,1.Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.2.Languageoperatesbyrules.3.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.4.Everyonespeaksadialect.,4,5.Languageslowlychanges.6.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.7.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.8.Writingisderivativeofspeech.,5,WebstersNewWorldDictionary.1.humanspeech.2.Theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans.3.Thesystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings.4.Thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem.*Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.,1.2whatislanguage?,6,Arbitrariness（任意性）Duality（二重性）Creativity（创造性）Displacement（位移性）,1.3designfeaturesoflanguage,7,Saussure(索绪尔）：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning（语言符号形式和意义无自然的联系）1.Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2.Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.3.Arbitrarinessandconvention.,1.3.1Arbitrariness任意性,8,Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.指有两个结构层次这个特征，上层结构的单位是由底层结构的元素组成的，每层结构又有各自的构成原则。,1.3.2Duality二重性,9,Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.(递归性)Reasons：1.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.2.Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.3.itspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.,1.3.3Creativity创造性,10,Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.指语言使用者可以用语言来表达不在交际现场（时间和空间上）的物体，事件及概念。,1.3.4Displacement位移性,11,The“bow-wow”theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.OnomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheoryThistheorylackssupportiveevidence.The“pooh-pooh”theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.,1.4originoflanguage,12,Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts,Theyo-he-hotheory,13,1.5functionsoflanguage,14,Informative(信息功能)Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.InterpersonalFunction(人际功能)Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasocietyperformative(施为功能)Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.metalingualfunction(元语言功能)Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.,15,EmotiveFunction(情感功能)Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.phaticcommunion(寒暄功能)Phaticcommunionreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguagerecreationalfunction(娱乐功能)Therecreationalfunctionisrestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlylimitedinusefulness.,16,ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguagemainbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics(语音学)Phonology(音系学)Morphology(形态学)Syntax(句法学)Semantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学),1.6whatislinguistics?,17,Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech.,1.7.1Phonetics(语音学),18,Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.,1.7.2Phonology(音系学),19,Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaningmorphemesandword-formationprocesses.,1.7.3Morphology(形态学),20,Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.1.7.5Semantics(语义学)Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.,1.7.4Syntax(句法学),21,Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.,1.7.6Pragmatics(语用学),22,Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.,1.8Macrolinguistics宏观语言学,23,Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.,1.8.1psychoinguistics心理语言学,24,Sociolinguisticsisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.,1.8.2sociolinguistics社会语言学,25,Anthropologyandlinguisticsbecamecloselyassociatedintheearlydaysofanthropologicalfieldworkwhenanthropologistsenlistedthehelpoflinguiststostudyunwrittenlanguages.,1.8.3anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学,26,1.9.1descriptiveandprescriptive描写与规定DontsayX.PeopledontsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.,1.9inportantdistinctionsinlinguistics,27,Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butn