浅析交际翻译

摘要交际翻译是英国翻译家纽马克的翻译理论的重要组成部分。随着对外交流的日益频繁,人们要求在文化、政治、生活等各个层次能够互相沟通与交流。翻译作为语言交际的一种重要的手段,在跨文化交际等各个方面正发挥着极其关键的作用。因此交际翻译在日常生活中是必不可少的，尤其是在应用中，渗透到各个领域，对其研究具有重要意义。本文通过交际翻译在个方面的应用，交际翻译与语义翻译的对比，进一步揭示了交际翻译在当今生活中的重要性。关键词：交际翻译 语义翻译 公示语 AbstractCommunicative translation is United Kingdom important part of the translators of Newmarks translation theories. With the increasing frequency of foreign exchange, people in the cultural, political, and daily life at all levels to be able to communicate with each other and Exchange. Translation as an important means of communication, in all aspects of cross-culture communication is playing a crucial role. Communicative translation in everyday life is therefore essential, in particular in the application, into all areas, the research is of great significance. Application of this article through the communicative translation in a, comparison of semantic translation and communicative translation, further revealed the importance of communicative translation in todays life.Key words: Communicative Translation Semantic translation Public SignsContents.Introduction7. The Background Konwledge of CT and ST9.Compare Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation93.1The Defination of Communication Translation and Semantic Translation103.2 The Differences between CT and ST113.3 Semantic and Communicative Translation in Common12 The Communicative Translation Use in News Articles134.1Cultural turn and Cultural Translation134.2 The Function of News Title154.2.1 Summarizing News Story154.2.2 Arousing Readers Interest154.2.3 Beautifying Newspaper Page164.2.4 Helping Readers Evaluate News164.2.5 Indicating the Importance of News17 Analysis on Communicative Translation Errors of Public Signs175.1 Language-related Errors185.1.1 Spelling Mistakes185.1.2 Grammar Mistakes185.1.3 Inappropriate Diction195.2 Culture-related Errors215.2.1 Chinglish215.2.2 Inappropriate Tone22.Conclusion24Bibliography25.IntroductionNewmarks main contribution to general translation theory is the concepts of Communicative translation(CT)and Semantic translation(ST).In terms of the different degrees of emphasis on source language(SL)and target language(TL),Newmark proposes eight translation methods: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, idiomatic translation, adaptation and free translation. But he thinks only CT and ST fulfill the two main aims of translation: accuracy and economy, and accuracy are the first aim, economy the second one.Communicative translation has important concepts First, communicative translation (or communication way) refers to the visual translation for happened in a social situation of communication process (Hatim & Mason 2001,:3) any one translation methods. Although all the translation approach in some degree on translation for communication, and depending on the communicative translation here say the target language but totally to readers or receiver oriented. Along the way in dealing with the translator of the original, aims to transfer information instead of copying and punch in a bunch of language units, he CARES about is how to keep the original function and its effect on new readers. Communicative translation and translation and sentence honeycombed line by the difference in the original, it in the form of construct sentences only as part of the translator should consider factors.Second, communicative translation is (British translation theorist) new mark (Peter Newmark) proposed one of the two translation mode (see semantic translation), its purpose is to make the target language readers of the effect of the source language text reader with the effect of the same (1981/1988:22). That is to say, the key is based on communicative translation of the target language of language, culture and pragmatic style to deliver information, not to try to copy of the original text faithfully. The translator in communicative translation have more freedom to explain in the original, adjust style, eliminate ambiguity, even fixed author errors. Due to the translator must attain a communicative purpose, with a specific purpose readership, so he produces the translation will break the original limitations. Usually adopt the communicative translation style types including news reports, the textbook, public notices and many other non literature. The Background Konwledge of CT and STIn the pre-linguistics period, opinion on translation swung between literal and free, faithful and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the bias was to be in favor of the author or the reader, the source or the target language of the text. Up to the nineteenth century, the cultural reformers were trying to rescue literature, and literal translation was supported as a philological academic exercise to achieve the aim. In the nineteenth century, a more scientific approach was put forward, suggesting that the text type determines the translation method; certain types of texts must be accurately translated, while others should and could not be translated at all. With the rise of modern linguistics, the general emphasis of translation has been placed on the readeron informing the reader effectively and appropriately, representative of Nidas dynamic equivalence, which suggests the overriding purpose of any translation should be to achieve “equivalent effect”, i.e. to produce the same effect on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership of original. At one time, the “equivalent effect” principle of translation became prevailing and was tending to rule out all others.Compare Communicative Translation and Semantic TranslationTo lend readers more concrete understanding of relevant knowledge about communicative translation and semantic translation, this part will conduct their mutual comparisons.3.1The Defination of Communication Translation and Semantic Translation Peter Newmark made an important contribution to the study of translation theory. His major contribution is the dichotomy of communicative translation and semantic translation, which have already been recognized as his most influential achievement in translation studies. Newmarks communicative translation and semantic translation are believed to be more practical than idealized discussions on translation method: I have proposed only two methods of translation that are appropriate to any text: (a) Communicative translation, where the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers, and (b) Semantic translation, where the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author (Newmark , 2001: 39). From these words, communicative translation and semantic translation can be roughly distinguished. As this definition indicates, communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of TL receptors while semantic translation centers around the semantic content of the SL texts. To be more specific, in communicative translation, the emphasis should be on conveying the message of the original in a form, which conforms to the linguistic, cultural and pragmatic conventions of TL. Both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Semantic translation consequently tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will allow (Shuttleworth and Cowie, 2004: 22). Newmarks communicative translation and semantic translation are the result of years of experiences undertaking the translation from English to French and from English to German. The new methods have a great bearing on translation studies, expanding translators horizon and offering brand new perspectives to viewing the matter of translation strategies.3.2 The Differences between CT and ST These two kinds of translation have obvious difference, according to Peter Newmark, the methods of communicative translation and semantic translation vary from each other in terms of the following aspects:(1) Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary. Semantic translation remains within the original culture and assists the reader only in its connotations if they constitute the essential human (non-ethnic) message of the text. (2) Communicative translation must emphasize the force rather than the content of the message. Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. (3) A semantic translation is always inferior to its original, since it involves loss of meaning; Communicative translation may gain in force and clarify what it loses in semantic content. The translator is trying in his own language to write a little better than the original, unless he is reproducing the well-established formulae of notes or correspondence. Generally, a communicative translation tends to undertranslate. It uses more generic, hold-all terms to translate difficult passages. It is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language. It is foremost to produce the same impact or effect on SL readers and fulfill the function of TL texts to establish the communication between SL authors and TL readers. A semantic translation tends to overtranslate. It is more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated. It pursues the thought-processes and includes more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning. Differences between communicative translation and semantic translation can be further displayed by the following example: (1) Man proposes, God disposes Version A: Man proposes, God disposes. Version B: Man proposes, Heaven disposes. In ancient Chinese culture, days means the ruler of the universe; in Western culture, God is a being conceived as the perfect, omnipotent, omniscient originator and ruler of the universe. So, the communicative translation, God, catering for the Western religious background, is more acceptable for Western readers. Here, Version A can be viewed as communicative translation and Version B can be viewed as semantic translation. 3.3 Semantic and Communicative Translation in CommonDespite the differences, communicative translation and semantic translation are also established largely on the common ground. They may well coincide - in particular, where the text conveys a general rather than a culturally bound message and where the matter is as important as the manner (Newmark, 2004: 40). And they both comply with the usually syntactic equivalents for the two languages. That is to say, a translation can be more or less semantic, or more or less communicative, but without complete division. Chinese scholar Liao Qiyi presented the following similarities There is no clear line splitting a SL text into one half for communication translation and the other half for semantic translation. Instead, the two methods are cooperative and complementary in coping with specific problems in translation. It is quite difficult to decide to what extent communicative translation should be more applied than semantic translation, or vice versa. Both communicative translation and semantic translation are rooted in cognitive translation, in which translators convert SL grammar to its common TL transpositions by reducing figurative elements like idioms and colloquialism to plain and literal expressions. Common sense or the information free from cultural restrictions can be either translated by communicative translation or semantic translation. Translators therefore should emphasize both content and form of information in translation. To handle the materials concerning religion, philosophy, art and science, the two translation methods can basically prompt similar effects because the materials are the knowledge quite familiar to SL readers and TL readers as well. All in all, the two translation methods cannot be employed separately in practice, they both comply with the usually syntactic equivalents for the two languages. That is to say, a translation can be more or less semantic, or more or less communicative, but without complete division. Only if translators kept the two methods in a kind of harmony, would translation be successful. The Communicative Translation Use in News ArticlesWith the deepening of international communication, Chinese readers are eager to broaden their horizon by keeping informed of the lasted world events. Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners choose to invest, work and live in China, their interest in China politics, economy, culture and social life increases. Therefore, Chinese and foreigners need an information channel and news can fully take up this robe because it is the quickest, most convenient and economical means to keep up with the times. However, for most Chinese readers, it is difficult to understand English news, not to mention the fewer foreigners who can speak Chinese. News translation is of vital importance in this aspect.4.1Cultural turn and Cultural TranslationSince the 1990s, the “cultural turn”, as a real breakthrough in the field of translation studies, has shifted the emphasis from the linguistic level to the cultural level.Translation has traditionally been described as a comparative linguistic undertaking, whereby translation has been approached primarily from the respective of the difference in language structures .But this has turned out to be too narrow a view. As Nida says: It is turn that in all translating and interpreting the source and the target languages must be implicitly and explicitly compared, but all such interlingual communication extends far beyond the mechanics of linguistic similarities and contrasts.The meaning of verbal symbols on any and every level depends on the culture of the language community. Language is a part of cultural, and in fact, it is the most complex set of habits that any cultural exhibits .Language reflects the cultural, provides access to the cultural, and in many respects constitutes a model of the culture.As this statement implies, translators are permanently faced with the problem of how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in a source text and of finding the most appropriate technique of successfully conveying these aspects in the target language .But what is culture?Newmark defines culture as “the way of and its manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression”, thus acknowledging that each language group has its own culturally specific features. To put it simply, cultural refers to the total way of life of a people. People learn to think , feel, believe and strive for what is appropriate in their culture. There is a huge gap between the Chinese and English language as well as the distinctive cultures behind .All the cultures differences can be big challenges for the news translator, because if handled improperly, confusion and misunderstanding will arise. However, if handled in a wise way, these cultures difference will add flavor to the translation, thus arousing the interest to the audience.4.2 The Function of News TitleA concise and creative headline ,on one hand, can highlight the whole story, and on the other hand ,can lure its readers to spend enough time for the lead continuously, if not the whole story. Oppositely commonly written headline not only can not arouse readers interest but stop them from reading the whole story, which .in fact ,is written well. As a result, a good headline is like an absorbing lure narrowing the distance between readers and news stories, while a common one is an alienator not only broadening this distance but also removing the readers desires for going on with reading.With the regard to the functions of new headline in news reporting, Baskette claims that: ”news headline plays the role of attracting the readers attention ,summarizing the story, helping the reader index contents of the page, depicting the mood of the story, setting the tone of the newspaper, and providing adequate typographic relief.”(Baskette,1986)4.2.1 Summarizing News Story Nowadays the pace of life is becoming faster and faster, people often have to squeeze time to read newspaper. Holding a newspaper, few people can read it from the very beginning to the very ending just as read a novel. Most of them want to find out the greatest event of the day or something interesting to read .So, headlines, naturally, is the ideal guide for the readers, for headline is the summary or the main idea of the whole story, and express the essences with a few words .This is also the reason why we say competition of calling peoples attention on a newspaper mostly begins with the competition of writing headlines.4.2.2 Arousing Readers Interest As the saying goes, a good beginning is the half of the battle. Whether a certain story will be read or passed by its usually determined by the headline. A good headline should play an essential role in burnishing the whole text and arousing the readers interests. Holding a piece of newspaper, the reader sweeps rapidly over a page, stopping momentarily at each headline. Almost instantaneously the reader decides, from this brief glance, whether or nor he will read a story. So if the headline fails to lure its readers to read on with large print and sometimes with