古罗马英文双语教学课件.ppt

,AncientRome,ExtentofEtruscancivilizationandthetwelveEtruscanLeague,Italyin750BCE,TheRegalAge（王政时代）:ca.753-510B.C.TheRepublic（共和时代）:510-27B.C.TheEmpire:27B.C.-1453A.D.EarlyEmpire（帝国时代）:27B.C.-325A.D.LaterEmpire:325A.D.-1453A.D.,RomanHistory,EtruscanCivilization,EtruscanCivilization,Etruscancivilization,highestcivilizationinItalybeforetheriseofRome.ThecoreoftheterritoryoftheEtruscans,knownasEtruriatotheLatins,wasnorthwestoftheTiberRiver,nowinmodernTuscanyandpartofUmbria.reacheditsheightinthe6thcenturyBC.TheRomansexpelledtheirdynastyin509BC.hadacommercialandagriculturalcivilizationandleftarichculturalheritage,Etruscancouple,MuseumofFlorence.,OriginoftheEtruscans,Between900and500BCERomanscalledthemtheEtruscans.CamefromeasternMediterranean,possiblyAsiaMinor.TheirlandwascalledEtruria伊达拉里亚（意大利中部一古国）.,EtruscanPoliticalSystem,Independent,fortifiedcity-states.Formedsmallconfederacies.Hadastrongmilitarythatdominatedallthesurroundingpeoples.By6cBCE,theEtruscanmilitaryhadconqueredmuchoftheItalianpeninsula,includingRomeandtheislandofCorsica科西嘉岛.,Minerva智慧及工艺之神onthechariot,EtruscanMilitary,TheEtruscanhelmet,EtruscanWriting,Mostinscriptionsfoundontombsandmonumentsandmirrors.WecanpronounceEtruscanwords,becausetheyuseanalphabetsimilartoGreek,butwehavenoclueabouttheirmeaning.Over10,000Etruscaninscriptions.,EtruscanWritingTablet,TheEtruscanAlphabet,LemnosStelae6cBCE,EtruscanReligion,Polytheistic.Believedthatthedestinyofmanwasdeterminedbythewhims念头ofthegods.Believedinprophecy预言andreadingthesignsofnaturebyaugurs占卜.Believedinpredestination预言.,Sarcophagus石棺ofanEtruscanCouple,ReconstructionofanEtruscanTemple,EtruscanTombWalltheyweregrantedaformofcitizenship,andhadspecificrightsunderRomanlaw.Theywerealsoheldtocertainobligationsaswell,mostnotablytherequirementtoprovidetroopsfortheLegions.,Thishadatwofoldeffect.First,Romehadalargepoolofmanpower人力todrawitsLegionsfromtheentireLatinLeague.Second,byhavingseverallevelsofcitizenshipandrightsunderRomanlaw,theattentionofconqueredpeoplewasfocusedonimprovingtheirrightswithintheRomanlaw,andincompetingwithrivalclient-statesforstatuswithintheRomansphereofinfluence,ratherthantryingtoridthemselvesofRomandominance.,TreatmentofConqueredPeople,By268BtheRomansdominatedmostofItalythroughanetworkofallies,conqueredcity-states,colonies,andstrategicgarrisons要塞.AtthattimeRomestartedtolookbeyondItaly,towardstheislandsandtherichtradeoftheMediterraneanSea.Thispolicyof“divideandrule”madeconqueredpeoplewillingparticipantsintheirownsubmissiont服从Romanlaw.,Thesilvereaglewastheensign军旗oftheRomanLegionandthesymbolofitspower.,KindsofRomanCitizenship,TheSuccessofRome,OnereasonisthecharacterofItalyterrain.TheItalypeninsulaiseasiertouniteandkeepunited.Anotherreasonwasbecauseofthesuperiormilitaryforceandstrategythattheydeveloped.,Finally,itmadethedefeatedpeopleallies,orfriendsofRome.Asallies,theyhadtofightforRomeinanyfuturewars.Inreturn,RomepromisedthemprotectionandashareintheprofitsfromfuturevictoriesInsomecases,Romeevengaveconqueredpeoplescitizenship(therighttobecalledaRomanandtovoteinelections).,RomanArmy,TheRomanArmy,Theemblem徽章forthearmywastheeaglesurroundedbyavictorywreath花冠.UnderneatharethelettersSPQRwhichareLatinfor“TheSenateandPeopleofRome”,TheRomanArmy,TheRomansmanagedtoconquersomanycountriesbecausetheyhadsuchagoodarmy.TheEmperorusedthearmytoprotectRomeandtocontrolthepeopleithadconquered.Somesoldierswereawayfromtheirfamiliesforlongperiodsoftime.,Whenasoldierhadservedinthearmyfor25yearshecouldbecomeacitizenofRome.,OrganizationoftheArmy,5000Legionaries(RomanCitizenswhowereinthearmy)wouldformaLegion.TheLegionwouldbesplitintocenturies百人队(80men)controlledbyaCenturion百人队长.Thecenturieswouldthenbedividedintosmallergroupswithdifferentjobstoperform.,胸甲,短剑,盾,剑,RomanArmy,Romansoldiershadtobetough.Theywereexpectedtomarchupto20milesperdayinline,wearingalltheirarmourandcarryingtheirfoodandtents.,RomanArmy,Romansoldiersweretrainedtofightwellandtodefendthemselves.Iftheenemyshotarrowsatthemtheywouldusetheirshieldstosurroundtheirbodiesandprotectthemselvesthiswasknowastheturtle龟阵,RomanArmy,TheCenturionexplainstheuseoftheBallista投石器.,RomanArmy,RomanArmy,theRepublicanlegions,RomanRepublicGovernment,RomanRepublicGovernment,ExecutiveBranchtheelectedmagistrates,AnnualtenureDictatorship:6monthsCensorship监察官任期:18monthsTermofofficial:1year,CollegialityHeldbyatleasttwomen.Beofequalrankandcouldvetoactsofothermembers.Highermagistratescouldvetoactsoflowermagistrates.,Collegiality:分权共治,1,ExecutiveBranch,Consuls(2)执政官chiefcivilandmilitarymagistrates;investedwithimperium绝对统治权convened召集senateandcuriaeandcenturiateassemblies.Praetors(2-8)司法官hadimperiummainfunctions:(1)militarycommands(2)administeredcivillawatRome.,Aedile（2）民选行政官inchargeofreligiousfestivals,publicgames,temples,upkeepofcity,regulationofmarketplaces,grainsupply.Quaestors(2-40)财务官financialofficersandadministrativeassistants(civilandmilitary)inchargeofstatetreasuryatRome;infield,servedasquartermasters军需官andseconds-in-command.,ExecutiveBranch,Tribunes(2-10)保民官chargedwithprotectionoflivesandpropertyofplebians.theirpersonswereinviolable不可侵犯的.hadpowerofvetooverelections,laws,decreesofthesenate,andtheactsofallothermagistrates(exceptdictator).convenedtribalassemblyandelicitedplebiscites颁布平民法,whichafter287B.C.(lexHortensia霍滕西阿法)hadforceoflaw.,Censors(2)监察官electedevery5yearstoconductcensus,enrollnewcitizens,reviewrollofsenate;controlledpublicmoralsandsupervisedleasing租约ofpubliccontracts.inprotocol草案rankedbelowpraetorsandaboveaediles,butinpractice.,3,ExecutiveBranch,Dictator(1)intimesofmilitaryemergencyappointedbyconsuls.dictatorappointedaMasteroftheHorsetoleadcavalry.tenurelimitedto6monthsordurationofcrisis,whicheverwasshorter.notsubjecttoveto.,4,GovernmentundertheRomanrepublic,LegislativeBranch,Senateoriginallyanadvisoryboardcomposedoftheheadsofpatricianfamilies.enacteddecreesofthesenate.（decidedmatters）tookcognizance审理ofvirtuallyallpublicmatters.（foreignpolicyandfinancialadministration）,CitizenassembliesCuriaeassembly-oldest(earlyRome).CenturiateassemblyTribalassembly,JudicialBranch,Criminalprosecution：Jurisdiction:treason,electoralcorruption,extortion勒索intheprovinces,embezzlement挪用ofpublicfunds,murderandpoisoning,forgery伪造罪,violence.,RuinsoftheForum,theseatofpolitical,religious,commercialandjudicialactivitiesinancientRome.,StructureofGovernmentUndertheRepublic,TheRomanrepublichasservedasamodelformanycurrent-daygovernmentlikeBritain,CanadaandUSA.Belowisachartthatexplainshowarepublicworksandwhattherolethecitizensplay.,OverseaExpansion,ConquestofMediterranean,维爱,十执政官之一,伊利里亚,提比略格拉古,布匿战争,皮洛士,ConquestoftheWesternMediterranean,Punicwar,DisputeovercontrolofSicilyandtraderoutesinthewesternMediterraneanbroughtRomeintoconflictwiththepowerfulNorthAfricancity-stateofCarthage,Carthage,CarthagehadbeenfoundedasPhoeniciancolony500yearsearlier,ResultwasthethreePunicWars264-146BC,Punicwars,Punicwars(264-241,218-201,149-146BC),threewarsbetweenRomeandCarthage,so-calledfromtheLatinforCarthaginian,whicheffectivelydecidedthestruggleformasteryoftheMediterraneanworld.Beforethefirstwar,RomewasstillapurelyItalianpower,notevenincontrolofnorthernItaly;afterthelast,herwrit令状effectivelyranfromtheLevant黎凡特toSpainandfromtheAlpstoTunisia突尼斯.,特拉西美诺湖,新迦太基,坎尼,扎马,特拉比亚战役,比利牛斯山,阿尔卑斯山,TheFirstPunicWar,TheFirstPunicWar264bc-241bc.TheFirstPunicWarwascenteredonSicily.ThefirstPunicwarwasmostlyanavalwar.Romeevacuated剥夺SicilywhichthenbecamethefirstRomanprovince.Thechiefeventsofthenext20yearsweretheRomanentryintoSardinia撒丁岛andCorsica.科西嘉,SecondPunicWar,SecondPunicWar218bc-201bcRomeoweditssuccesstovariousfactors:itsstubbornwillandsplendidmilitaryorganization;itssuperioreconomicresources;itsgenerals,Fabius费边and,aboveall,Scipio斯奇比奥;thefailureofsupplyfromCarthagetoHannibals汉尼拔Italianarmy;andthemountainouscharacterofcentralItaly,whichrenderedthePunicsuperiorityincavalrynearlyuseless.,Atthewarsclose,CarthagesurrenderedtoRomeitsSpanishprovinceanditswarfleet.,Hannibal,Hannibal,ThehistorianLivydescribestheevent:Hannibal,thenabout9yearsold,wasteasinghisfathertotakehimtoSpaintoo.Hisfather,stillangry,ledHannibaltothealtarandmadehimsweartobetheenemyofRomeassoonashegrewup.”HamilcartookhissonHannibaltoSpainwithhimandtaughthimtobeasoldier.Twentyyearslater,Hannibalhonoredhispromisetohisfather.HebecameabrilliantgeneralandbecameoneofRomesgreatestenemies!,CrossedtheRhone隆河River(theelephantsonrafts),HannibalcrossingtheAlpsduringtheWinterof218B.C.,HannibalcrossingtheAlpsduringtheWinterof218B.C.,Polybius波利比阿description,AfterninedaysclimbHannibalsarmyreachedthesnow-coveredsummitofthepassovertheAlps-allthetimebeingattackedbymountaintribes.,However,whentheenemyattackedthearmy,theelephantswereofgreatusetotheCarthaginians.Theenemywassoterrifiedoftheanimalsstrangeappearancethattheydarednotcomeanywherenearthem.,历史学家中的历史学家,ThirdPunicWar,149bc-146bcCarthagefinishedafterSecondPunicWar.Hannibalcommittedsuicide.Economyshattered.LostallterritorytoRome.ButsomeRomansfeareditmightrevivesomedayandchallengeRomeagain.NotablyCatotheElder老加图PushedforanotherwarthatwouldwipeCarthageoffthefaceofthemap.,CatotheElder,Hannibaltookpoison,RomeWinsaThirdTime,DuetoCatospersistentefforts,RomedeclareswaragainstdefenselessCarthage.Winseasily.Entirepopulationofcitysoldintoslavery.EverythingofvaluecarriedbacktoRome.Everythingelseburnedanddumpedintothesea.Sitesownwithsaltsothatnothingwouldevergrowthereagain.Carthagecompletelydisappeared.,ConquestoftheEasternMediterranean,ConquestoftheEasternMediterranean,WithCarthageoutoftheway,RomebecamethemostimportantpowerinthewesternMediterranean.So,Rometurnedtotheeast.By146B.C.theyhadconqueredGreeceaswellasthecountrytothenorthofGreececalledMacedonia.By50B.C.,RomecontrolledallthelandaroundtheMediterraneanSea.,MacedonianWar,Date:215-168BC.Location:Macedon,GreeceandIllyria伊利里亚.Result:Romanvictory,Macedonwasdividedinto4client附庸的republics.First-second-third215bc-204bc200bc-197bc171bc-168bc,CoinofPhilipVofMacedon,Roman-SyrianWar叙利亚战争,Date:192-188BC.Location:GreeceandAsiaMinor.Cause:Seleucid塞琉古invasionofGreece.Combatants:Rome,Rhodes罗德斯,Pergamum帕加马againstSeleucidEmpireruledbyAntiochusIIItheGreat安条克三世.,BattleofMagnesia马格尼西亚战役Result:Victoryoftheanti-Syriancoalition,TreatyofApamea阿帕米亚条约,MapofAsiaMinorandthegeneralregionafterthewar,354页,AnnexPergamum,AttalusIII阿塔洛斯三世wascalledPhilometor(mother-loving)becauseofhisunusualcloserelationshiptohismotherStratonice.hegavehimselftoscience,andstudiedbotany植物学andpharmacology药理学.Hehadlittleinterestinpublicaffairsandwasdislikedbythepeopleforhehadtestedtoxic毒onpeoplesandcriminals.WhenkingAttalusIIIdiedwithoutanheir,hebequeathedhiskingdomtotheRomans.,Afterhisdeath,AsiaMinorbecameRomansoilandincorporatedasAsiaprovinceintoRomanrealm.,PergamonruinsinTurkey,Romedrawnintotheaffairsofthesuccessorkingdoms,SuccessorkingdomincreasinglycalledonRomanaidintheirincessantwarsagainsteachother,RomealwaysrespondedinthebeliefthatachievingabalanceofpowerintheeastwasbetterthanhavingonesuccessorkingdombecometoopowerfulandchallengeRome,RomeeventuallybecamewearyofplayingthisendlessrefereeingroleandrealizedthatthecontinuedindependenceofthesuccessorkingdomsthreatenRomaninterests,TookoverGreece,Macedonia,someofAsiaMinor,Syria,AegeanandeasternMediterraneanislandsby133BC,Later,theconquestsofGaiusMarius,LuciusCorneliusSulla,PompeyMagnus,andJuliusCaesarwouldaddmoreterritoryGaul,therestofAsiaMinor,Mesopotamian,MediterraneanMiddleEast,Belgium,HowwasitpossibleforRometoconquersomuchsoquickly?,TheMakingofRome,First,becauseoftheirstrongandbalancedgovernmenttheRomanpeoplewerestrongerthanthepowerofanyoneopposingleader.Second,Rometreatedconqueredpeoplesasfriendsand,inseveralcases,madethemcitizens.ThiswayRomewasabletoraisealargearmy.AndRomesfriendswereusuallyloyaltoRomebecausetheysharedintheprofits(lootandstolenproperty)fromRomanwars.Third,Romesarmywashighlydisciplinedbyyearsofwar.Fewotherarmiescouldmatchitsstrength,Fourth,Romansgreatlyvaluedmilitarysuccess.Infact,militarysuccesswasneededifamanhopedtobecomepowerfulintheRomangovernment.Fifth,warsbroughtalotofmoneyandtreasure.ConqueredlandswereoftengiventoRomansoldierswhoretired.Valuablesseizedfromtheenemymadethegovernmentrichaswellasindividualleaders.Prisonersfromtheconqueredlandsbecameslaves.Forallthesereasons,Romanleaderswerereadytogotowaryearafteryear.From338to50B.C.,Romeconqueredmoreandmorepeopleandcountries.,Triumph,Thehighesthonorforageneralwasa“triumph,agrandparadethroughthestreetsofRome.Thevictoriousgeneral,dresseduptolooklikethesupremegodJupiter朱庇特,rodeinachariot.Behindhimmarchedthesoldiers,carryingthemanyvaluablestakenfromtheenemyandleadingtheprisonersofwar.,RomanProvince,InAncientRome,aprovincewasthebasic,anduntiltheTetrarchy四帝共治(circa296),largestterritorialandadministrativeunitofterritorialpossessionsoutsideoftheItalianpeninsula(longwithoutfullcitizenship).SicilyconstitutedthefirstRomanprovincefrom241BC,havingbeenprogressivelyconqueredbytheRepublicduringtheFirstPunicWar(264241BC).,Provincesweregenerallygovernedbypoliticiansofsenatorialrank,usuallyformerconsulsorformerpraetors司法官.UndertheRomanRepublic,thegovernorofaprovincewasappointedforaperiodofoneyear.ThenumberandsizeofprovinceschangedaccordingwithinternalRomanpolitics.,FalloftheRomanRepublic,FalloftheRomanRepublic,FirstServile奴隶WarTheFirstServileWarof137132BCwasanunsuccessfulslaveuprisingagainsttheRomansontheislandofSicily,inEnna（恩娜城）.ItwasledbyEunus（攸努斯）,aformerslaveclaimingtobeaprophet.SecondServilewarTheSecondServileWarwasanunsuccessfulslaveuprisingledbySalvius萨维阿斯andAthenion阿铁尼奥againsttheRomansontheislandofSicily.Thewarlastedfrom104BCuntil101BC.,TheRomanconsulManiusAquilius阿克维里乌斯quelled镇压therevoltonlyaftergreateffort.ItwasthesecondofaseriesofthreeslaverevoltsintheRomanRepublic.ThirdServilewarTheThirdServileWar,alsocalledtheGladiator角斗奴WarandTheWarofSpartacusbyPlutarch普鲁塔克,wasthelastofaseriesofunrelatedandunsuccessfulslaverebellionsagainsttheRomanRepublic,knowncollectivelyastheServileWars.,1,ThirdServilewar,In73B.C.,aslavenamedSpartacus,whowasbeingtrainedtobeagladiator,gatheredanarmyofmorethan100,000escapedslaves.TheyfoughtanddefeatedtheRomanarmyfortwoyears.In71B.C.,theRomanssurroundedtheslavearmy,killedSpartacus,andcrucified6,000slaves.,2,TiberiusGracchusReform,TiberiusGracchusandGaiusGracchus,提比略格拉古,盖约格拉古,1,TiberiusGracchusReform,WhenTiberiusGracchushappenedontotheRomanstage,politicsinRomewasdividedintothreegroups:theconservatives，thereformersandtheconservative-liberals.thepoliticalstance姿态ofthetwoextremewings派别couldbesummedupbytwophrases,theconservativesandthereformers.ThisdifferenceinfocuswouldbethestrawthatbroketheRepublicsback.,ThebillTiberiusproposedconsistedof:thoselivingonthelandwereallowed500acresplus250acresforeachofupto2sonswithahereditaryrent-freelease.Landreclaimedfromwealthylandownerswouldbegrantedtoso-calledpoorcitizens,30acresperperson.MarcusOctavius奥克塔维乌斯vetoedthebill.,2,agroupofsenatorsledbytheconservativeP.ScipioNasica纳西卡clubbed棍打TiberiusGracchustodeath,3,GaiusGracchus,GaiushadsimilaridealsasTiberius,buthehadtimetolearnfromhisbrothersmistakes.HereintroducedTiberiusslandreformbill,butwithsomeskillfulchanges,namelysothatcertainsenatorswouldnotbeaffected.Coloniesweretobefounded,twoinItalyandoneatCarthage.,GaiusGracchusfleefromthewealthelite,4,GaiusGracchusReform,Hisprogramincludednotonlyagrarian土地的laws,thatstatedthatlandsillegallyacquiredbytherichshouldberedistributedtothepoor,butalsolawsthatregulatedthepriceofthegrain.Healsotriedtolimitthenumberofyearsandcampaignsamanwasobligedtoserveinthearmy.Othermeasuresincludedthereformationoftheextortion敲诈court,whichprosecutedillegalappropriations占有ofmoneybymembersofthesenateandalawconcernedwiththeconstitutionofthejury,whichwaspreviouslycomposedonlyofsenators,subjecttobribery,whowouldbejudgingtheirpeers.,Hislawchangedthejury-draftpooltoincludeequites骑士.HealsoproposedtheextensionofRomancitizenshiptoseveralItalianalliednations.Allofthisdispleasedthesenators.,holdtheenemyatbay,Gaiusdead,OntheAventine阿芬丁山Hill，3,000ofGaiussupporterweremassacred.Gaius,seeingthishappenandrealizingthathewasnowanenemyofthestate,hadhisslavekillhim.(akind-ofRomansuicide),TheDeathofGaiusGracchus,5,Gracchislegacy,ThesetwomenbaredsomeofRomesbiggestissues:Romewasgrowingtoolargeforthekindofcitizen-soldieryitused;Romanpoliticswassplittingintoaliberalandaconservativefaction;theeconomicdisparity不平衡wasgrowingwider,withmoreandmoremoneycontrolledbythepowerfulsenatorsandEquites骑士,andmoreandmorenumbersofpowerlessurbanpoor.,Attheveryleast,theGracchishowedthattheRomanRepublicwasonitslastlegs奄奄一息andthatviolencewastobecomemorecommonasitstruggledtoholdonto坚持theoutdatedsystemsofthepast.,GaiusMarius,GaiusMarius，GeneralandconsulwhoredesignedtheRomanarmy.HesecuredcommandofthearmyinAfrica(107)andsolvedthechronicmanpowershortagebyenlistinglandlesscitizensforthefirsttime.HedefeatedJugurtha朱古达in106.AtRomeheheldunconstitutionalsuccessiveconsulships(104100)whileitwasthreatenedbytheCimbri辛布里人andtheTeutones条顿人,whomhefoughtanddefeated.HeheldacommandduringtheSocialWarandwasawardedanotherin88toreplaceSullaasAsiancommanderandconfrontMithradates密特里达提.,Whenanoutraged愤怒SullamarchedonRome,Mariusfledforhislife.Hereturnedforciblyin87,waselectedconsulfortheseventhtime,andruthlesslymurderedhisopponents.,MariusReformstotheArmy,Inthewakeof紧随thedestructionofCarthage,Jugurtha朱古达hadusurpedthewholeofNumidia努米底亚.Adjustmentoftheheavypilum短矛(javelin).Transportofallnecessaryequipmentbysoldiers.EmploymentoftheuniformEaglestandardforeachlegion.,SocialWar同盟者战争,“Social”meaning“allies”;alsocalledtheItalianWarortheMarsic马西人War（91-88BC）ItwastheresultofRomesintransigence不妥协inregardingthecivillibertiesofitsowncitizens(Romans)assuperiortothoseofthecitizensoftherestofItaly.,TheSocialWarwas,inpart,causedbytheassassination暗杀ofMarcusLiviusDrusus德鲁苏theYounger.,ItalianbullgoresRomanwolf,TheEnfranchisementofItaly,Romewasvictoriousinthefield,theItaliansobtainedwhattheyhaddemandedbeforethewarbegan,thatis,therightsofRomancitizenship.ThedistinctionbetweenRomans,Latins,andItalianswasnowbrokendown,atleastsofarastheItalian