电子商务和供应链管理.ppt

Chapter4E-CommerceandSupplyChainManagement第4章電子商務和供應鏈管理,OperationsManagementbyR.DanReid後勤經理負責產品和地點之間貨物移動管理trafficmanagementarrangingthemethodofshipmentforbothincomingandoutgoingproductsormaterial運輸管理安排將材料運入或產品運出的運送方法distributionmanagementmovementofmaterialfrommanufacturertothecustomer通路管理從製造者到消費者間的貨品移動,ABasicSupplyChain一個基本供應鏈,TheBullwhipEffect長鞭效應,Bullwhipeffect-theinaccurateordistorteddemandinformationcreatedinthesupplychain長鞭效應供應鏈中所創造出來的不正確或扭曲的需求資訊Causesaregeneratedby:產生原因為：demandforecastingupdating,需求預測更新orderbatching,訂單整批作業pricefluctuations,價格變動rationingand配額供應(當需求大於供給時)和gaming賭注(因配額所造成浮報需求),TheBullwhipEffect牛鞭效應,CounteractingtheEffect:反制效應Changethewaysuppliersforecastproductdemandbymakingthisinformationavailableatalllevelsofthesupplychain以供應鏈各階層都可獲得需求資訊取代供應者預測產品需求Sharerealdemandinformation(POSterminals)分享實際需求資訊(銷售點終端機)(POS,pointonsale)Eliminateorderbatching消除訂單整批作業Stabilizepricing穩定價格Eliminategaming消除賭注(依據過去銷售記錄決定配額數量),IssuesAffectingSupplyChainManagement影響供應鏈管理的議題,InformationtechnologyenablersincludetheInternet,Web,EDI,intranetsandextranets,barcodescanners,andpoint-of-salesdemandinformation資訊科技賦予能力者包括網際網路、網路、EDI(電子資料交換)、內部網路和外部網路、讀條碼機、銷售點需求資訊E-commerceande-businessusesinternetandwebtotransactbusiness電子商務和電子化企業使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易,TypesofE-Commerce電子商務種類,E-commerceisdefinedastheuseoftheInternetandtheWebtotransactbusiness電子商務的定義是使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易Twotypesofe-commerceare電子商務兩種類型Business-to-business(B2B)and企業對企業Business-to-consumer(B2C)企業對消費者,TypesofE-Commerce電子商務的類型,Business-to-Business(B2B)Evolution:B2B的演進Automatedorderentrysystemsstartedin1970s起始於1970年代的自動化訂單輸入系統ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)startedinthe1970s起始於1970年代的電子資料交換ElectronicStorefrontsemergedinthe1990s1990年代電子商店NetMarketplacesemergedinthelate1990s1990年代網路市場BenefitsofB2BE-CommerceB2B電子商務的好處Lowerprocurementadministrativecosts,減低採購管理成本Low-costaccesstoglobalsuppliers低成本接觸全球供應商Lowerinventoryinvestmentduetopricetransparency/reducedresponsetime由於價格透明/回應時間縮短而導致低存貨投資Betterproductqualitybecauseofincreasedcooperationbetweenbuyersandsellers,especiallyduringtheproductdesignanddevelopment因為購買者和銷售者漸增的合作尤其在產品設計和開發階段，提供更家產品品質,TypesofE-Commerce電子商務的類型,Business-to-Consumer(B2C):企業對個人On-linebusinessestrytoreachindividualconsumers線上企業嘗試可以到達個人消費者B2CrevenuemodelsourcesB2C獲利模式來源AdvertisingWebsiteoffersprovidersandopportunitytoadvertise廣告網站給予提供者和廣告機會SubscriptionWebsitechargesasubscriptionfeeforaccesstothesite訂閱網站收取進入網站者訂閱費Transactioncompanyreceivesafeeforexecutingatransaction交易每執行一筆交易公司收取一比費用Salesameansofsellinggoods,information,orservicedirectlytocustomers銷售直接販賣物品、資訊、或服務給消費者Affiliatecompaniesreceiveareferralfeefordirectingbusinesstoanaffiliate推薦費公司收取一筆推薦費用因引導企業成為某某會員,SCMFactorsSCM因素,SCMmustconsiderthefollowingtrends,improvedcapabilities,成功夥伴關係的關鍵因素包括Impactattaininglevelsofproductivityandcompetitivenessthatarenotpossiblethroughnormalsupplierrelationships衝擊透過正常供應商關係無法達成生產力和競爭力水準Intimacyworkingrelationshipbetweentwopartners親密關係夥伴間的工作關係Visionthemissionorobjectivesofthepartnership願景夥伴的使命或目標,夥伴關係的特徵,BenefitsofPartnering夥伴的利益Earlysupplierinvolvement(ESI)inthedesignprocess在設計過程中供應商能在早期參與Usingsupplierexpertisetodevelopandsharecostimprovementsandeliminatecostlyprocesses利用供應商專業以發展和分享成本改善和消除浪費的過程Shortentimetomarket縮短上市時間,SupplyChainDistribution供應鏈配銷,Warehousesinvolvedinsupplychaindistributionsandinclude倉儲包含在供應鏈中，包括Plantwarehouses工廠倉庫Regionalwarehouses區域倉庫Localwarehouses當地倉庫Warehousescaneitherbe倉儲也可以是指Generalusedforlong-termstorage一般用於長期儲存Distributionusedforshort-termstorage,consolidation,andproductmixing配銷用於短期儲存、運輸合併、和產品混合,SupplyChainDistribution-continued供應鏈配銷,Transportationconsolidationwarehousesconsolidateless-than-truckload(LTL)quantitiesintotruckload(TL)quantities運輸合併倉庫可將少於卡車裝載數合併為一車運送Productmixingwarehousevalueaddedcustomerserviceofgroupingavarietyofproductsintoadirectshipmenttothecustomer產品混合倉儲價值可以將顧客不同需求的產品整合起來包裝然後直接運送到顧客手中,SupplyChainDistribution-continued供應鏈配銷,Servicesareofferedcanimprovecustomerservicebymovinggoodsclosertothecustomerandthusreducingreplenishmenttime倉庫所提供服務可藉由運送離顧客較近的物品以改善服務，如此可減少補貨時間Crossdockingormovementofmaterialwithoutstorageandorder-pickingmaterialwhilestillperformingthereceivingandshippingfunctions.接駁式轉運,為一種商品處理的觀念。亦即商品由倉庫或物流中心收貨時，沒有放到架上儲位而是立刻把商品轉運至零售點。,SupplyChainDistribution-continued供應鏈配銷,RadioFrequencyIdentificationTechnology(RFID)automateddatacollectiontechnologywhichreliesonradiowavestotransferdatabetweenreaderandRFIDtag無線射頻辨識技術自動化資料蒐集技術，其仰賴無線電波以傳遞讀寫機和RFID標籤間之資料Third-partyServiceProviderseaseofdevelopinganelectronicstorefronthasallowedthediscoveryofsuppliersfromaroundtheworld第三方服務提供者提供發展電子商店允許來自於全世界供應商的發現,IntegratedSCM整合的供應鏈管理,ImplementingintegratedSCMrequires:實施整合的供應鏈管理需要:Analyzingthewholesupplychain分析整個供應鏈Startingbyintegratinginternalfunctionsfirst首先整合企業內部功能單位Integratingexternalsuppliersthroughpartnerships透過夥伴關係將外部供應商整合,ManufacturersGoals製造者目標Reducecosts減少成本Reduceduplicationofeffort減少重覆工作Improvequality改善品質Reduceleadtime減少前置時間Implementcostreductionprogramg實施成本降低計畫Involvesuppliersearly早期將供應商納入Reducetimetomarket降低上市時間,SuppliersGoals供應商目標Increasesalesvolume增加銷售數量Increasecustomerloyalty增加顧客忠誠度Reducecost減少成本Improvedemanddata改進需求資料Improveprofitability改善獲利能力,SupplyChainMeasurements供應鏈衡量,Measuringsupplychainperformance衡量供應鏈績效Traditionalmeasuresinclude;傳統衡量包括Returnoninvestment投資報酬率Profitability獲利能力Marketshare市場佔有率Revenuegrowth收益成長Additionalmeasures另外衡量Customerservicelevels顧客服務水準Inventoryturns存貨周轉Weeksofsupply供應周數Inventoryobsolescence過時存貨,SupplyChainPerformanceMeasurement供應鏈績效衡量,Customerdemandsforbetter-qualityrequirescompanystodevelopwaystomeasureimprovements顧客對於較好品質需要，公司發展衡量改善的方法Somemeasurementsinclude衡量包括Warrantycosts保固成本Productsreturned退回產品Costreductionsallowedbecauseofproductdefects因為產品瑕疵允許降低成本Companyresponsetimes公司回應時間Transactioncosts交易成本,CurrentTrendsinSCM供應鏈管理目前趨勢,Increaseduseofelectronicmarketplacesuchas過去幾年來因為電子網路市場增加使用，使得成千上萬的購買者和供應者能聚集在一起E-distributorsindependentlyownednetmarketplaceshavingcatalogsrepresentingthousandsofsuppliersanddesignedforspotpurchases電子配銷商擁有獨立網路市場之仲介者，提供代表成千上萬供應商的電子型錄和提供顧客在網路上採購的據點E-purchasingcompaniesthatconnecton-lineMROsupplierstobusinesswhopayfeestojointhemarket,usuallyforlong-termcontractualpurchasing電子採購公司將線上MRO(指辦公室文具維修用品，非產品用材料)供應商與採購MRO用品廠商聯結，通常目的是為了長期合約採購。,CurrentTrendsinSCM-continued,IncreaseduseofelectronicmarketplacesuchasValuechainmanagementautomationofafirmspurchasingorsellingprocesses價值鏈管理公司採購或銷售過程自動化On-lineExchangesmarketplacethatfocusesonspotrequirementsoflargefirmsinasingleindustry線上交易市場連接成千供應商和無數的買者的市場Industryconsortiaindustry-ownedmarketsthatenablebuyerstopurchasedirectinputsfromalimitedsetofinvitedsuppliers產業團體產業擁有市場，其能使買者直接購買來自於有限受邀供應商所提供商品Decreasedsupplychainvelocityduetogreaterdistanceswithgreateruncertaintyandgenerallylessefficient.由於較長距離和較大不確定性以及因不具效率，使得供應鏈速度降低,SCMAcrosstheOrganization跨組織的SCM,SCMchangesthewaycompaniesdobusiness.SCM改變公司經營企業的方式AccountingsharesSCMbenefitsduetoinventoryleveldecreases由於存貨水準降低，會計分享SCM利益Marketingbenefitsbyimprovedcustomerservicelevels因為改善顧客服務水準，行銷部門因而受益InformationsystemsarecriticalforinformationsharingthroughPOSdata,EDI,RFID,theInternet,intranet,andextranets對於透過POS資料、EDI、RFID、Internet,intranet,andextranets，資訊系統是關鍵的。Purchasingisresponsibleforsourcingmaterials採購負責物料來源的掌握Operationsusetimelydemandinformationtomoreeffectivelyplanproductionschedules作業部門利用適時的需求資訊以更有效地規劃生產時程,Chapter4Highlights重點,Everyorganizationispartofasupplychain,eitherasacustomerorasasupplier.Supplychainsincludealltheprocessesneededtomakeafinishedproduct,fromtheextractionofrawmaterialsthroughthesaletotheenduser.SCMistheintegrationandcoordinationoftheseefforts.每個組織如顧客或供應商都是供應鏈的一部份。供應鏈包括需要製造一個完成品的所有過程，從原料的獲得透過銷售到終端使用者。SCM是所有這些努力的整合和協調。Thebullwhipeffectdistortsproductdemandinformationpassedbetweenlevelsofthesupplychain.Themorelevelsthatexist,themoredistortionthatispossible.Variabilityresultsfromupdatingdemandestimatesateachlevel,orderbatching,pricefluctuations,andrationing長鞭效應扭曲傳遞供應鏈所有層級的產品需求資訊。層級愈多，扭曲可能性愈大。變異來自於在每一層級因更新需求估計、批次訂單作業、價格變動、和配額供應。,Chapter4Highlights(continued),Manyissuesaffectsupplychainmanagement.TheInternet,theWEB,EDI,intranets,extranets,bar-codescanners,andPOSdataareSCMenablers.許多議題都會影響供應鏈管理。Internet,WEB,EDI,intranet,extranet,條碼掃瞄器、和POS資料都是SCM的賦予者B2BandB2Celectroniccommerceenablesupplychainmanagement.Netmarketplacesbringtogetherthousandsorsuppliersandcustomers.Allowingforefficientsourcingandlowertransactioncosts.B2B和B2C電子商務使SCM成為可能。網路市場將成千上萬供應商和顧客聚集在一起。使取得原料更有效率和低交易成本成為可能。,Chapter4Highlights(continued),Globalsupplychainsincreasegeographicdistancesbetweenmembers,causinggreateruncertaintyindeliverytimes.全球供應鏈增加成員間的地理距離，導致遞送時間的不確定性。PurchasinghasamajorroleinSCM.Purchasingisinvolvedinsourcingdecisionsanddevelopingstrategiclong-termpartnerships.SCM中採購扮演主要的角色。採購包括商源決策和發展策略性長期夥伴關係。,Chapter4Highlights(continued),Ethicsinsupplymanagementisanongoingconcern.Sincebuyersareinapositiontoinfluenceorawardbusiness,itisimperativethatbuyersavoidanyappearanceofunethicalbehaviororconflictofinterest.道德在供應鏈管理是一直受到關注。因為買者是處於影響或獲得經營的位置，因此買者有義務避免出現不道德行為或利益衝突。Companiesmakeinsourcingandoutsourcingdecisions.Thesemake-or-buydecisionsarebasedonfinancialandstrategiccriteria.公司需執行自製和外購決策。這些決策是依據財務和策略準則而決定。,Chapter4Highlights(continued),Partnershipsrequiresharinginformation,risks,technologies,andopportunities.Impact,intimacy,andvisionarecriticaltosuccessfulpartnering.夥伴關係需要分享資訊、風險、技術、和機會。衝擊、親密關係、和願景是夥伴關係能否成功的關鍵。Supplychaindistributionrequireseffectivewarehousingoperations.Thewarehousesprovidetransportation,consolidation,productmixing,andservice.供應鏈配銷需要有效的倉儲作業。倉庫提供運輸、合併、產品混合、和服務。,Chapter4Highlights(continued),IntegratedSCMusuallybeginswiththemanufacturerintegratinginternalprocessesfirst.Then,thecompanytriestointegratetheexternalsuppliers.Thelaststepisintegratingtheexternaldistributors.整合SCM通常開始於製造商先整合內部流程，然後再與外部供應商整合。最後再與外部配銷業者整合。,Chapter4Highlights